Topic 28 How parents pass on instructions — what needs James (15)

Topic 28 · How parents pass on instructions · Type 1 · tests LIF5-030

EasyMCQType 1 — a parent's two traits named; which of four described young ones is most likely hers

A guinea pig has a rough black-and-white coat. Which young guinea pig is most likely hers?

1. a) a young one with a smooth black-and-white coat
2. b) a young one with a rough plain brown coat
3. c) a young one with a rough black-and-white coat ← key
4. d) a young one with a smooth plain brown coat

Why it is this type: To match an offspring to its parent, check one trait at a time. Only one young guinea pig shares both the rough coat and the black-and-white color. So that one is most likely hers.

Recommendation: Approve as the exemplar

Topic 28 · How parents pass on instructions · Type 2 · tests LIF5-030

MediumMCQType 2 — the reverse match (which parent), what to check, and two trait tables read (medium)

[pp_kitten_table: mother cat orange fur, short tail; four kittens: orange long, gray short, orange short, gray long] Here is a table of a mother cat's traits and four kittens' traits. Which kitten is most likely hers?

1. a) the first kitten
2. b) the second kitten
3. c) the third kitten ← key
4. d) the fourth kitten

Why it is this type: Check one trait at a time. The first kitten shares the orange fur but has a long tail; the second shares the short tail but is gray; the fourth shares neither. Only the third kitten shares the orange fur and the short tail, so it is most likely hers.

Recommendation: Approve as the exemplar

Topic 28 · How parents pass on instructions · Type 3 · tests LIF5-030

Hardmulti-selectType 3 — why a trait is the wrong one to check yet; the TWO young ones that share both traits (multi, hard)

A black cat with a white tip on her tail has two kittens in a basket of four. Select the TWO kittens that are most likely hers.

1. a) a black kitten with a white tip on its tail ← key
2. b) a black kitten with a plain tail
3. c) a smaller black kitten with a white tip on its tail ← key
4. d) a gray kitten with a white tip on its tail

Why it is this type: Check one trait at a time: the fur, then the tail tip. The black kitten with the white tip and the smaller black kitten with the white tip share both traits; size does not count against a match. So those two kittens are most likely hers. Hard because: the answer is a set.

Recommendation: Approve as the exemplar

Topic 28 · How parents pass on instructions · Type 4 · tests LIF5-031

EasyMCQType 4 — an inherited trait named; what set it

A cardinal chick grows bright red feathers, like its father. What set the red feathers?

1. a) instructions its parents passed to it ← key
2. b) the food it ate
3. c) the place it was born
4. d) what it learned

Why it is this type: Parents pass instructions to their offspring. The instructions set the offspring's inherited traits, like red feathers. So instructions from its parents set the red feathers.

Recommendation: Approve as the exemplar

Topic 28 · How parents pass on instructions · Type 5 · tests LIF5-031

MediumMCQType 5 — where the instructions came from, when, what a seed carries from its parent trees; which trait of four came from the instructions; what a trained parent's young is born with; why chicks hatch with their parents' beak

A beaver was born with a flat tail, later chipped a tooth on a log, scraped its paw on a rock, and learned to slap its tail to warn others. Which of these did its parents' instructions set?

1. a) the chipped tooth
2. b) the flat tail ← key
3. c) the tail slap it learned
4. d) the scrape on its paw

Why it is this type: The instructions set the inherited traits: the ones a living thing had from the start. The flat tail was there from the start; the chipped tooth, the scrape and the learned slap came from how it lived. So the instructions set the flat tail.

Recommendation: Approve as the exemplar

Topic 28 · How parents pass on instructions · Type 6 · tests LIF5-031

HardMCQType 6 — the one word for what the parents passed (typed); the claim's correct reason (hard); the inherited and the acquired trait on one animal (hard)

Elio says a blacksmith who hammered iron for thirty years will have a baby born with strong arms. Elio is wrong. What is the correct reason?

1. a) A baby is born with no strong traits at all.
2. b) A blacksmith passes no instructions to a baby.
3. c) The strong arms came from hammering, not from the instructions. ← key
4. d) Strong arms come only from a mother, never from a father.

Why it is this type: A trait a parent got from how it lived is not in the instructions. The blacksmith's strong arms came from thirty years of hammering. So the baby is born without them, and Elio is wrong. Hard because: the register's SD-4 belief judged by its correct reason among three wrong reasons.

Recommendation: Approve as the exemplar

Topic 28 · How parents pass on instructions · Type 7 · tests LIF5-032

EasyMCQType 7 — what each young one got; why two siblings differ or match; which sentence is true of siblings

Two bear cubs with the same mother and father differ: one has a white patch on its chest, and the other does not. What is the reason?

1. a) The cub with the patch was born first.
2. b) The cub with the patch ate more fish.
3. c) Each cub got a different mix of instructions. ← key
4. d) The two cubs have different fathers.

Why it is this type: Each offspring gets a different mix of instructions from its two parents. One cub's mix says a white patch, and the other's does not. So the cubs differ.

Recommendation: Approve as the exemplar

Topic 28 · How parents pass on instructions · Type 8 · tests LIF5-032

HardtypedType 8 — which sentence corrects a child's "all the same" claim; why every kitten has one trait; the one word for what the mix is made of (typed, hard); a matching and a differing trait at once (hard); the TWO true sentences of a litter (multi, hard)

Two chipmunks from one litter have different stripe patterns. Each got a different mix of something from the same two parents. Type the one word for what each got a different mix of.

Accepted answers (typed): instructions / the instructions / its instructions / instruction / … and the child spellings; wrong_fb for stripes, traits, food.

Why it is this type: Each offspring gets a different mix of instructions from its two parents. One chipmunk's mix says one stripe pattern, and the other's says another. The one word is instructions. Hard because: the register's word produced from the mix rule, not picked.

Recommendation: Approve as the exemplar

Topic 28 · How parents pass on instructions · Type 9 · tests LIF5-033

EasyMCQType 9 — the same kind in two surroundings: how does the trait develop, compared with the other

Two lettuce seeds from one packet are planted in rich soil and in poor soil, in the same sunny bed. How does the plant in the poor soil grow, compared with the other?

1. a) taller
2. b) shorter ← key
3. c) the same height
4. d) taller, with a new color

Why it is this type: The surroundings change how a trait develops. The same kind of plant grows taller in rich soil and shorter in poor soil. So the plant in the poor soil grows shorter.

Recommendation: Approve as the exemplar

Topic 28 · How parents pass on instructions · Type 10 · tests LIF5-033

HardtypedType 10 — four-row tables read for a prediction (which pot most likely grows tallest; which two pots show what the soil alone does; which turkey is most likely shortest from its feed); why the right-hand pot's plant is short; the parent's small size does not pass, on a plant (hard) and carried a generation forward on an animal (hard); the prediction word produced for two plants in two soils (typed, hard); which sentence says the instructions did not change (hard)

Two young maple trees from one tree's seeds are planted: one in thin, rocky soil and one in deep, rich soil. After five years, how tall is the rich-soil tree, compared with the other? Type the one word.

Accepted answers (typed): taller / the taller / tall / higher / grows taller / …; wrong_fb for shorter, same, better, faster.

Why it is this type: The surroundings change how a trait develops. Deep, rich soil gives the tree more of what it needs. The one word is taller. Hard because: the prediction word produced from two surroundings, not picked.

Recommendation: Approve as the exemplar