Topic 13 · How to measure the whole weather picture — the question types, for your rulings

Skill: course-build → write-mcqs → write-explanation, design-check-sequence @ cca3af6

Topic 13 — How to measure the whole weather picture — the PP100's question types, with their exemplars

What this page is. James reads a bank as its question TYPES first (vault: A bank is reviewed as its question types first, one exemplar each). Under the Grade 5 standing brief the bank is built straight away (52 items in content/G5T13_pp100_bank.py); this sheet is the way in. Each type line says what the stem asks, what the options are, and one exemplar scene; the full exemplar items follow, one per type.

Rulings already applied. Four options on every MCQ (fixed sets: the instrument set "a thermometer / a barometer / a hygrometer / an anemometer"; the quantity set "temperature / air pressure / humidity / wind speed"; the unit set "degrees Fahrenheit / millibars / percent / miles per hour"; the direction set "rising / falling / staying level / rising and falling by turns", rotated; the humidity set "high / low / the same as the temperature / zero", rotated; all five declared in KEY_TELL_EXEMPT_SETS). Easy = one fact or a one-step pick; medium = the rule on a fresh case, a reason picked, a drawn display, table or graph READ (James, 8 Oct 2026: reading an instrument or a graph in any MCQ form is medium); hard = a term, a reading or a direction word PRODUCED by typing, a documented belief judged by its correct reason, a set answer, or two ideas chained. The hard tier is mostly typed (6 of 13) plus three claim-reason items, one multi-select and three two-step judgements. Claim items: "X is wrong. What is the correct reason?" with four single-statement reasons — no option bundles a verdict with its reason; the three claim-makers are the topic's children, one documented belief each (Mira: humidity = heat; Micah: air cannot push; Nadia: every point on the line was measured), each the register's sub-domain belief and each addressed in its lesson. Every item is a fresh instance (the freshness grep in the build record: 0 hits). check_key_tells.py: KEY TELLS: 0 of 122 MCQs flagged.

The bar list (words and things a generated item must never use): "gravity pulls" / "gravity is a force" (Earth's pull on a thing is its weight); "heat" as a noun that travels; "a form of energy"; "leak", "lift", "snap"; "creek", "muggy", "hazy", "quantity", "axis", "inward" (grade-level words: river, sticky, pale, "what does it measure", "the lowest number up the side", "in"); "non-living"; "biggest / smallest" for a count or a temperature (most / fewest, highest / lowest); "strand"; a sealed bottle that "collapses" or is "sucked in" (the air outside PUSHES it in); a hygrometer read as "how wet the air is" (how much water vapor the air is holding); "steam" for water vapor (steam is the drops you can see); "trend" (say which way the readings are going); any claim the register does not document; the lesson's own scenes (the Tampa school door, the hot bus and dented bottle, Nadia's weather station and her week, the whiteboard graph, Micah's rain barrel 12-14-13-16-18); a V-shaped data set keyed as one direction (the atom's three classes are rising, falling, staying level across the range).

Drawer conventions, stated once: item graphs are drawn by the same line_graph drawer as the lessons — days along the bottom left to right, Monday first; the side axis starts at the lowest round number below the readings (the record names the simplification); every reading sits on a gridline (grid 1 or 2, numbered every 4, 5 or 10). Displays show the name only where the item gives it; an "unnamed" display asks the instrument or the quantity. Blind text lists the drawn values (the data IS the drawing a read item reads) and never a verdict word or an unnamed instrument's name (grep in the record: 0 hits).

The sixteen types (fewer would be better; five atoms each need their own forms, and the three documented beliefs each take a claim-reason item)

Type	Items	Atom	Tags	Form	The stem asks…	The options / the accept	Exemplar scene
1	3	010	easy	MCQ, the humidity set	high or low, from how much water vapor the air holds (hot or cool air)	high / low / the same as the temperature / zero (rotated)	a laundry room in Ohio; the salt flats in Utah; a cool lakeside morning in New Hampshire
2	2	010	easy	MCQ	what damp, sticky air is holding a lot of; which sentence tells you the humidity is high	water vapor vs rain drops, dust, smoke; four sentences, one about the water vapor	a warm South Carolina afternoon; a barn in Vermont
3	2	010	medium	MCQ	which of two equally warm mornings holds more water vapor; which of four described days has the lowest humidity	the two mornings + both / cannot tell; four described days	Tennessee mornings; Phoenix, Seattle, New Orleans, Portland
4	2	010, 011	easy	MCQ, the quantity set	which word names how much water vapor the air holds; what the air's push is called	temperature / air pressure / humidity / wind speed	term recognition, no scene
5	3	011	easy	MCQ	what pushes on a thing the air touches (a kite string, mailbox and car; a book; a floating balloon)	all three / only one; four statements; the air from every side / nothing / only Earth's pull / only the floor	a yard in Kansas; a desk in Maine; a hall in Texas
6	4	011	easy, medium	MCQ	on which day the air pushes harder (higher pressure); where the pressure is higher (mountain top or bottom); the correct reason a sealed bottle dents; which day pushed harder from two barometer readings (leans on 012)	the two days / both / neither; four reasons	North Dakota; a Colorado mountain; a cool room in Idaho; a Georgia school
7	3	012	easy	MCQ, the quantity set	what a named instrument measures (the inverse of the quiz's instrument-for-a-quantity pick)	temperature / air pressure / humidity / wind speed	a barometer on an Ohio porch; a hygrometer in an Idaho barn; an anemometer on a Maine pier
8	4	012	medium	MCQ, the quantity or unit set; two with a drawn unnamed display	what an unnamed display measures (cups and miles per hour; a box and a percent); which unit a hygrometer / an anemometer reads in	the quantity set; the unit set	a dock in Oregon; a heated garage in Ohio
9	4	012	medium	MCQ; one drawn display, one drawn pair	which number goes in the table and under which heading (drawn barometer); which instrument fills a new Humidity column; which of two hygrometers shows the damper air (leans on 010); which column–instrument pairing is right	four number-heading pairs; the instrument set; the two cities / both / cannot tell; four pairings	an Iowa farm barometer; a Michigan class; Seattle and Las Vegas; a Texas class table
10	3	010, 011, 020	hard	MCQ, claim-reason	the correct reason the named child is wrong (humid = hot; air cannot push; every point on the line was measured)	four single-statement reasons	Mira, Micah, Nadia (one claim each)
11	7	020	medium	MCQ, four numeric or day options, a drawn line graph	the value on a named day or time (on a numbered line, or between lines); the day a given value was read; how many readings five dots are	four values ascending; four days; 1 / 5 / 10 / every point	a Wisconsin lake; a Texas puddle; Saturday in Missouri; Boise pressure; Fargo dawn; Cheyenne wind; an Oregon rainfall graph
12	2	010, 011	hard	typed	the one word for how much water vapor the air holds; the two words for the air's push	humidity (+ article, child spellings); air pressure (+ article, child spellings)	a sticky Houston evening; a Maryland library
13	5	021	medium, hard	MCQ, the direction set (rotated); a drawn graph or table	which way the data is going (a level set; a rising set; a falling set; a level table; a level set with one bump — hard)	rising / falling / staying level / rising and falling by turns	Tucson humidity; Boise pressure; Fargo dawn; Colorado snow table; a West Virginia fish tank
14	4	012, 020, 021	hard	typed (a reading, a difference, a direction word)	the number that goes under Humidity from two displays; a reading between the numbered lines; how much narrower the puddle got (two reads and a subtraction, the calculation line in the why); the one word for which way the Cheyenne wind data is going	95; 68; 50; falling (+ forms)	an Oregon morning's two displays; the Wisconsin lake; the Texas puddle; Cheyenne wind
15	3	021	medium, hard	MCQ	a falling pond: deeper or shallower on Friday; which value COULD be Friday's after a falling week (hard); which way from 8 am to 2 pm and from 2 pm to 4 pm (hard)	deeper / shallower / same / cannot tell; four depths; four two-part directions	a Minnesota pond; a Louisiana river; Saturday in Missouri
16	1	012	hard	multi-select	the TWO instruments a class must add to measure air pressure and humidity	the instrument set, keys barometer + hygrometer	a Montana class

Hard because — type 10: a documented belief judged by its correct reason, the lesson's idea held against it. Type 12 and 14: the word or the number is produced, not picked (type 14's two-display item picks the right instrument first, then reads it; the puddle item reads twice and subtracts). Type 13's bump item: one bump tempts "rising and falling by turns"; the first-dot-to-last-dot comparison decides. Type 15's "could be" and "two ranges" items chain two ideas. Type 16: a set held together.

⟂ draw constraints (the test builder draws at most one of each pair): PP-26 (Wisconsin lake, Wednesday read) ⟂ PP-46 (the same graph, Thursday typed); PP-27 (Texas puddle, 11 am) ⟂ PP-47 (the same graph, the difference); PP-28 (Missouri Saturday, 2 pm) ⟂ PP-52 (the same graph, two ranges); PP-29 (Boise Thursday read) ⟂ PP-36 (Boise direction); PP-30 (Fargo Tuesday read) ⟂ PP-37 (Fargo direction); PP-31 (Cheyenne Friday read) ⟂ PP-51 (Cheyenne direction typed). Each pair shares a drawing but not a move; the record lists them so no test shows one graph twice.

Design-move inventory (scene kind · move · nearest lesson-side instance): every bank item's move was written first and read against the quizzes, attached items, practice set and the lessons' own cases: the quiz's "which instrument measures X" became the bank's "what does this named instrument measure" (type 7); the quiz's "is the humidity high (yes / no)" became the four-option humidity set on fresh air (type 1); the quiz's bottle-reason item (Utah kitchen) has a bank sibling on a cool room in Idaho with a fourth reason (Earth's pull) — same move, different scene kind (a hot car vs a hot bus), marked here; the quiz's graph reads (pond, bean, pool, snow, Denver) and the bank's (lake, puddle, Saturday, Boise, Fargo, Cheyenne) share the move and differ in scene kind, as the fluency form allows; the bank's claim-reason items are the three register beliefs, each voiced once in its lesson and judged there.

One exemplar per type, in full

Type 1 (easy, EAR5-010). The air in a laundry room in Ohio is holding a lot of water vapor while the dryer runs. Which word describes the humidity? — high / low / the same as the temperature / zero. Why: Humidity is how much water vapor the air is holding. The laundry-room air holds a lot of water vapor. So the humidity is high.

Type 2 (easy, EAR5-010). Which sentence tells you that the humidity inside a barn in Vermont is high? — The thermometer in the barn reads 90 degrees Fahrenheit. / A strong wind blows through the barn. / The barn's roof is made of metal. / The air in the barn is holding a lot of water vapor. Why: Humidity is how much water vapor the air is holding. Only one sentence tells you about the water vapor in the air. So the sentence about the water vapor tells you the humidity is high.

Type 3 (medium, EAR5-010). Which of these four days has the lowest humidity? — a cool, foggy morning in Seattle, with wet grass on every lawn / a hot afternoon in Phoenix, with very little water vapor in the air / a warm, sticky evening in New Orleans, with damp air on the porch / a mild, damp morning in Portland, with dew on every car. Why: Humidity is how much water vapor the air is holding, not how warm the air is. Foggy, sticky and damp air holds a lot of water vapor; the Phoenix air holds very little. So the hot Phoenix afternoon has the lowest humidity.

Type 4 (easy, EAR5-011). What is the air's push on everything it touches called? — temperature / air pressure / humidity / wind speed. Why: The air pushes on everything it touches. This push is called air pressure. So the answer is air pressure.

Type 5 (easy, EAR5-011). A kite string, a mailbox and a parked car stand in a yard in Kansas on a still day. Which of them does the air push on? — only the kite string / only the mailbox / only the parked car / all three of them. Why: The air pushes on everything it touches. The air touches the kite string, the mailbox and the parked car. So the air pushes on all three of them.

Type 6 (medium, EAR5-011). A sealed plastic bottle from a hot bus dents in after an hour in a cool room in Idaho. What is the correct reason the sides dent in? — The cold pulled the sides in. / The plastic got smaller in the cold. / The air outside pushed the sides in. / Earth's pull squeezed the bottle. Why: The air pushes on everything it touches. The air inside cooled and pushed out less hard than the air outside pushed in. So the air outside pushed the sides in.

Type 7 (easy, EAR5-012). A barometer hangs on a porch in Ohio. What does the barometer measure? — temperature / air pressure / humidity / wind speed. Why: A barometer measures air pressure, in millibars. Temperature, humidity and wind speed belong to the thermometer, the hygrometer and the anemometer. So the barometer measures air pressure.

Type 8 (medium, EAR5-012, drawn display pp_display_unnamed_anemo). This instrument on a dock in Oregon shows this reading. What does it measure? — temperature / air pressure / humidity / wind speed. Why: An anemometer measures wind speed, in miles per hour. The instrument has three cups the wind spins, and its reading is in miles per hour. So it measures wind speed.

Type 9 (medium, EAR5-012, drawn display pp_display_baro_1023). A barometer on a farm in Iowa shows this reading. Which number goes in the weather table, and under which heading? — 1023, under Humidity (percent) / 1023, under Air pressure (millibars) / 23, under Air pressure (millibars) / 1023, under Wind speed (miles per hour). Why: A barometer measures air pressure, in millibars. The screen shows 1023 millibars. So 1023 goes under Air pressure (millibars).

Type 10 (hard, SR5-020, claim-reason). Nadia is wrong when she says every point on a line graph's line was measured. What is the correct reason she is wrong? — Only the line was measured. / Only the dots were measured. / The dots were drawn before measuring. / Every dot stands for two readings. Why: A line graph has a dot for each reading, joined by a line. Only the dots were measured, and the line between them shows which way the readings are going. So the points along the line were not measured, and Nadia is not right. Source: register SR5 SD-2; Lesson 4 (Read a line graph)'s verdict line.

Type 11 (medium, SR5-020, drawn graph pp_graph_lake_temp). Here is a lake's water temperature in Wisconsin this week. What was the water temperature on Wednesday? — 62 degrees Fahrenheit / 64 degrees Fahrenheit / 66 degrees Fahrenheit / 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Why: Find Wednesday along the bottom, go up to its dot, and follow across. The dot lands three lines above the 60, and each line is worth 2 degrees Fahrenheit. So the water temperature on Wednesday was 66 degrees Fahrenheit.

Type 12 (hard, EAR5-011, typed). In a museum in Maryland, the air pushes on the statues, the walls and the visitors. Type the two words that name the air's push on everything it touches. — accept: air pressure, the air pressure, airpressure, air presure, air preasure, air pressur, air preshure, air pressere, the air's pressure. Why: The air pushes on everything it touches. This push is called air pressure. So the two words are air pressure. Hard because: the term is produced, not picked, on a fresh scene.

Type 13 (hard, SR5-021, drawn graph pp_graph_fish_tank). Here is the water depth in a fish tank in West Virginia this week. Wednesday's dot is higher than the others. Which way is the data going? — rising / falling / staying level / rising and falling by turns. Why: Compare the first dot with the last dot. Monday's dot is at 20 centimeters and Friday's is at 20 centimeters, and one small bump on Wednesday does not change that. So the data is staying level. Hard because: one bump tempts the student to call the data rising or rising-and-falling; the first-dot-to-last-dot comparison decides.

Type 14 (hard, EAR5-012, typed, drawn pair pp_display_therm_hygro). Here are a thermometer and a hygrometer read on one cool morning in Oregon. Type the number that goes under Humidity (percent) in the weather table. — accept: 95, 95 percent, 95%, ninety-five, ninety five. Why: For each column, read the instrument that measures that thing. A hygrometer measures humidity, and the hygrometer's screen shows 95 percent. So 95 goes under Humidity (percent). Hard because: two skills in one item — pick the instrument that measures humidity, then read it.

Type 15 (hard, SR5-021). A river in Louisiana was 50 centimeters deep on Monday, and the depth was falling all week. Which of these could be Friday's depth? — 38 centimeters / 50 centimeters / 56 centimeters / 62 centimeters. Why: If the dots drop from the first day to the last, the data is falling. Friday's depth must be lower than Monday's 50 centimeters. So Friday's depth could be 38 centimeters. Hard because: two ideas chained — falling means the last reading is lower than the first, then the one lower value is picked.

Type 16 (hard, EAR5-012, multi-select). A class in Montana keeps a weather table with Temperature, Wind from and Rain. It wants to add air pressure and humidity. Select the TWO instruments the class must add. — a thermometer / a barometer / a hygrometer / an anemometer. Why: For each column, read the instrument that measures that thing. A barometer measures air pressure, and a hygrometer measures humidity. So the class must add a barometer and a hygrometer. Hard because: a set answer — both new instruments must be chosen, and the thermometer and anemometer refused.

Non-author review, 8 October 2026 (REVIEW_G5T13_2026-10-08.md)

Re-scened for freshness: PP-3 (locker room), PP-9 (a backpack on a hook), PP-11 (a soap bubble), PP-15 (Saturday / Sunday afternoons, by feel), PP-17 (a hot attic, a cool basement), PP-34 (three dots, Monday / Wednesday / Friday), PP-39 (a well's water level, June to August), PP-43 (a museum). PP-16's key now sits in the distractors' frame ("a hot, dry afternoon in Phoenix, with dust blowing across the yard"). PP-20, PP-21 and PP-26 read their value off the drawing (the stem no longer prints it). Type exemplars above updated where the exemplar item changed. Draw constraints (⟂): PP-36 ⟂ PP-31 (one Boise graph), PP-37 ⟂ PP-32 (one Fargo graph), PP-28 ⟂ PP-47 (one lake graph), PP-29 ⟂ PP-48 (one puddle graph), PP-30 ⟂ PP-52 (one Saturday graph), PP-33 ⟂ PP-51 (one Cheyenne graph), PP-7 ⟂ PP-43 (the definition sentence is the typed answer).

Adjudication note (8 Oct 2026): PP-40, PP-42 and PP-46 state the verdicts of the lesson-quiz claims Lesson 1 (Humidity is water hiding in the air), question 5, Lesson 2 (Air pressure is the air's push), question 3 and Lesson 4 (Read a line graph), question 5 (Mira, Micah, Nadia). A PP100 draw never sits beside a lesson quiz, so no constraint binds; recorded so the next reader does not re-report it. ⟂ PP-40 ⟂ PP-41 (the definition sentence is the typed answer).