Topic 18 · How stone, fossil fuels and landforms are made — the question types, for your rulings

Skill: course-build → write-mcqs → write-explanation, design-check-sequence @ cca3af6

Topic 18 — How stone, fossil fuels and landforms are made — the PP100's question types, with their exemplars

What this page is. James reads a bank as its question TYPES first (vault: A bank is reviewed as its question types first, one exemplar each). Under the Grade 5 standing brief the bank is built straight away (53 items in content/G5T18_pp100_bank.py); this sheet is the way in. Each type line says what the stem asks, what the four options (or the accept list) are, and prints one exemplar in full. Tags follow depth of reasoning — easy = one fact or a one-step sort of a described case; medium = the rule applied to a fresh case, a reason picked, a drawn card read, an order produced; hard = a term or a source produced by typing, a documented claim judged by its correct reason, or two ideas chained — and rise with the atom's order: EAR5-035 seven easy, three medium, one hard; EAR5-036 six easy, four medium, three hard; EAR5-037 four easy, seven medium, three hard; EAR5-038 seven medium, eight hard. Every hard item carries a one-line "hard because" (hb) in the bank file. Bank: easy 17 · medium 21 · hard 15; 44 four-option MCQs, 1 order item, 8 typed items; MCQ keys A 11 · B 14 · C 11 · D 8.

Rulings already applied. Four options on every MCQ (fixed sets, each declared in KEY_TELL_EXEMPT_SETS and rotated so the key moves: PRESS4 "the weight of the layers above / the waves on the water / the wind over the water / the fish on the bottom"; GLUE4 "tiny bits left behind by water / melted rock from deep in Earth / the sand grains melting together / roots of plants growing between the grains"; STONE_TIME and FUEL_TIME ordered "a few days … thousands and thousands of years" / "… millions of years"; SOURCES "dead plants of a long-ago swamp / tiny living things of a long-ago sea / bones of long-ago animals / melted rock from deep in Earth"; MAKERS "moving water / the wind / ice / an earthquake"; LANDFORMS "a canyon / a delta / a sand dune / a wide U-shaped valley"); no option bundles a verdict with its reason (the three bank claims are "X is wrong to say … What is the correct reason?" with four single-statement reasons; one drafted item that paired "No, because…" options was rewritten with the verdict in the stem before the bundle was cut); every stem is a positive question of at most two sentences unless tagged hard (two three-sentence medium stems were folded to two); the four before cards and the four landform drawings carry blind text that lists shapes, colours and where the blue is, never a landform's name or its maker; the typed keys are "delta", "canyon" (twice each: once as the name from a description, once as the predicted landform), "coal", "oil", "weight" and "wind" (short, closed, spellable; article forms and child spellings in the accept lists); the one order item stores its key first → last, the direction the stem asks; no multi-select (no answer in this topic is genuinely a set); every item names ONE atom; US spelling; units as words in prose. check_key_tells.py: KEY TELLS: 0 of 108 MCQs flagged.

The bar list (real things and words a generated item must never use): "gravity presses / gravity pulls" (the pressing force is the weight of the layers above); "mineral" (the tiny bits are said in plain words); "moraine", "sandbar", "cement" as terms; "dinosaur bones" as a KEY (only ever Sadie's claim); "fossil fuels are renewable"; "heat moves / travels"; "a river of dinosaurs"; any lesson scene (Ruby's Texas river cliff; Sadie's museum coal with the fern print; Rosa's board with Yosemite, the Grand Canyon, the Mississippi's end and the Great Sand Dunes; Miss Rowe's class at the Georgia park stream; the intro's Utah cliff with the coal seam); any quiz, attached, summary, recall-bank or practice scene (listed in the bank file's header); a claim-maker outside Rosa, Ruby and Sadie, and only the register's three documented beliefs; "biggest / smallest" for an amount; a non-US place.

The design-move inventory (lesson side), the raw material the types collapse into

The types (fewer would be better; the four atoms each need their fact, their apply and their produced form, and the three documented beliefs take claim-reason items)

Hard because — types 8, 18, 19, 25, 26, 34: the word is produced, not picked (8: the force's name recalled from Grade 3; 18/19: the fuel from its making alone; 25/26/34: the landform from its description or from the maker's job). Types 15 and 30: a documented belief judged by its correct reason among three wrong reasons that each sound like science. Type 27: two landforms in one scene, each matched. Type 32: the mechanism (a few bits a day) chained to the depth. Type 35: two ideas chained (the maker must keep working for the landform to grow; the landform stays after the maker has gone).

One exemplar per type, in full

Type 1 (easy, EAR5-035). Sand lies at the bottom of a deep pile of layers under a bay in Rhode Island. What presses the sand grains closer together? — the weight of the layers above / the waves on the water / the wind over the water / the fish on the bottom. Why: Layers of sediment pile up. The weight of the layers above presses the pieces together. So the weight of the layers above presses the sand grains closer together. (nearest lesson-side instance: Lesson 1 (How loose sediment turns into stone), question 1, mud under a Michigan lake)

Type 2 (easy, EAR5-035). Deep under a hill in Vermont, the gaps between the grains of a sand layer have filled, and the grains are stuck fast. What glued the grains together? — melted rock from deep in Earth / tiny bits left behind by water / the sand grains melting together / roots of plants growing between the grains. Why: Water trickles between the grains, carrying tiny bits too small to see. The water moves on and the bits stay behind in the gaps. So tiny bits left behind by water glued the grains together. (nearest: Lesson 1 (How loose sediment turns into stone), question 3, Kansas)

Type 3 (easy, EAR5-035). A river in Wisconsin drops a layer of mud on a lake bottom this spring. About how long until that mud has turned into stone? — a few days / about one year / about ten years / thousands and thousands of years. Why: The pressing and the gluing are very slow. They take thousands and thousands of years. So the mud turns into stone after thousands and thousands of years. (nearest: Lesson 1 (How loose sediment turns into stone), question 4, an Oregon river's sand)

Type 4 (easy, EAR5-035). On a sea floor off Delaware, the gaps between the grains of a buried sand layer are slowly filling with tiny bits. Which step of making stone is this? — the piling up of the layers / the pressing of the layer thinner / the gluing of the grains / the settling of the sand. Why: Tiny bits left by water fill the gaps between the grains. Those bits glue the grains together. So this is the gluing of the grains. (nearest: none; the step-naming move is new to the bank)

Type 5 (medium, EAR5-035, order). Mud turns into stone at the bottom of a lake in Vermont. Put the four steps in order, from first to last. — A river drops mud on the lake bottom → More layers pile up on top of the mud → The weight of the layers above presses the mud thinner → Tiny bits left by water glue the mud's pieces into stone. (nearest: Lesson 1 (How loose sediment turns into stone), question 7, sand off California)

Type 6 (medium, EAR5-035). A sand layer on a sea floor off New Jersey was a foot thick when it settled, and many layers now press down on it. How has the sand layer changed? — It is thicker, and its grains are farther apart. / It is thinner, and its grains are closer together. / It is the same thickness, with the same gaps. / It has turned into melted rock. Why: The weight of the layers above presses the pieces together. The grains move closer, so the layer takes up less room. So the layer is thinner, and its grains are closer together. (nearest: Lesson 1 (How loose sediment turns into stone), question 2, Georgia)

Type 7 (medium, EAR5-035). A storm in Connecticut leaves a thick layer of sand on a riverbank, and the sand stays loose. What is the correct reason the sand stays loose? — The storm's water washed the glue out of it. / Sand needs sunlight to become stone. / Sand becomes stone only under the sea. / Nothing presses it or glues its grains together. Why: Sand becomes stone when layers press it and tiny bits glue its grains. Nothing lies on this sand, and nothing has glued its grains. So the sand stays loose. (nearest: Lesson 1 (How loose sediment turns into stone), question 8, North Carolina beach, asked as yes / no)

Type 8 (hard, EAR5-035, typed). Under a bay in Connecticut, the layers above press a sand layer thinner, because Earth pulls those layers down. Type the name for Earth's pull on the layers above. — weight (the weight / their weight / its weight / wait / wieght / weigth / wheight). Why: Earth pulls every object down. This pull on the object is called its weight. So Earth's pull on the layers above is called their weight. (nearest: RECALL_BANK-3, the books on a Vermont table)

Type 10 (easy, EAR5-036). A boat on the Ohio River carries black rock that burns to a power plant. What did that black rock form from, long ago? — dead plants of a long-ago swamp / tiny living things of a long-ago sea / bones of long-ago animals / melted rock from deep in Earth. Why: Coal formed from dead plants of long-ago swamps. Mud buried them, layers pressed them, and over millions of years they changed into coal. So the black rock formed from dead swamp plants. (nearest: Lesson 2 (How coal, oil and natural gas were made), question 1, West Virginia miners)

Type 11 (easy, EAR5-036). A pipeline across Montana carries natural gas pumped up from deep rock. What did that natural gas form from, mostly? — melted rock from deep in Earth / tiny living things of a long-ago sea / dead plants of a long-ago swamp / bones of long-ago animals. Why: Oil and natural gas formed mostly from tiny living things of long-ago seas. They died, mud buried them, layers pressed them, and over millions of years they changed into oil and gas. So the natural gas formed mostly from tiny sea living things. (nearest: Lesson 2 (How coal, oil and natural gas were made), question 2, a Texas oil well)

Type 12 (easy, EAR5-036). Long ago, dead plants lay at the bottom of a swamp in what is now Iowa and did not rot away. What buried them and kept them from rotting? — ice / mud / sand dunes / melted rock. Why: In a long-ago swamp, plants died and fell into the water. Mud buried them, so they did not rot away. So mud buried the dead plants. (nearest: Lesson 2 (How coal, oil and natural gas were made), question 3, Illinois)

Type 13 (easy, EAR5-036). Tiny dead sea living things lie buried under mud on the sea floor off Georgia today. About how long until they have changed into oil? — a few days / about one year / about a hundred years / millions of years. (nearest: Lesson 2 (How coal, oil and natural gas were made), question 5, off Louisiana)

Type 14 (medium, EAR5-036). Dead plants in a swamp in Florida sink and get covered by mud. What does the mud do for the dead plants? — It keeps them from rotting away. / It turns them into coal at once. / It washes them out to sea. / It dries them out in the sun. (nearest: Lesson 2 (How coal, oil and natural gas were made) article, "Mud washes in and buries the dead plants, so they do not rot away.")

Type 15 (hard, EAR5-036, claim-reason). Sadie is wrong to say that the coal in a power plant's pile was made from dinosaur bones. What is the correct reason? — Dinosaur bones are too hard to be pressed thinner. / Coal formed before any living thing lived on Earth. / Coal formed from dead plants of long-ago swamps. / Dinosaurs lived in the sea, not in swamps. Why: Coal formed from dead plants of long-ago swamps. A dinosaur bone is a fossil, not a fuel. So the coal was not made from dinosaur bones, and Sadie is not right. (source: register EAR5 SD-4, induced belief; nearest: Lesson 2 (How coal, oil and natural gas were made), question 6, the bare yes / no on a Kentucky coal truck)

Type 16 (medium, EAR5-036). A heater in Minnesota burns natural gas all winter, and the gas company says the gas will one day run out. What is the correct reason natural gas is nonrenewable? — Natural gas is a gas, and every gas runs out. / The rock that holds the gas is very hard to drill into. / People burn it far faster than nature can make it. / People burn it only in the cold winter months. (nearest: Lesson 2 (How coal, oil and natural gas were made), question 7, an Ohio town)

Type 17 (medium, EAR5-036). Deep under Colorado, buried dead plants are being pressed by the layers above and heated by the hot rock around them. What are they slowly changing into? — sandstone / coal / ice / a fossil shell. (nearest: Lesson 2 (How coal, oil and natural gas were made) article, the coal strip)

Type 18 (hard, EAR5-036, typed). Deep under Illinois, dead swamp plants were buried by mud, pressed by layers and heated for millions of years, until they changed into a fuel. Type the name of that fuel. — coal (the coal / coals / cole / koal). (nearest: RECALL_BANK-5, the Wisconsin coal train, which names the black rock)

Type 19 (hard, EAR5-036, typed). Under the sea floor off Alabama, tiny sea living things were buried by mud, pressed by layers and heated for millions of years, until they changed into a thick dark liquid that burns. Type the name of that liquid. — oil (the oil / oils / crude oil / oyl). (nearest: RECALL_BANK-6, the Kansas pump)

Type 21 (medium, EAR5-037). In West Virginia, a deep, narrow valley has steep rock walls, and a river runs along its bottom. What made this shape of the land? — moving water / the wind / ice / an earthquake. Why: Ask what carved the land. A river runs along the bottom, and a river carries rock away and cuts down. So moving water made this shape. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Match a landform to its maker: wind, water or ice), question 6, a Tennessee river valley)

Type 22 (easy, EAR5-037). A deep valley in Montana has steep rock walls, and the river that carved it still runs along the bottom. What is this landform called? — a canyon / a delta / a sand dune / a wide U-shaped valley. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Match a landform to its maker: wind, water or ice), question 9, a South Dakota river valley)

Type 23 (medium, EAR5-037). In Iowa, a long bank of sand lies in the middle of a wide river, just under the water. What dropped the sand there? — moving water / the wind / ice / an earthquake. Why: Ask what dropped the pieces there. The sand lies under the river's water, so the river dropped it where the water slowed down. So moving water dropped the sand there. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Match a landform to its maker: wind, water or ice), question 7, a Nebraska river)

Type 24 (medium, EAR5-037). A river in Kentucky has carved a canyon with steep rock walls. What did the moving water do to the rock to make the canyon? — It dropped pieces of rock there. / It carried pieces of rock away. / It melted the rock. / It froze the rock and cracked it. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Match a landform to its maker: wind, water or ice) article, "The river carried pieces of rock away, bit by bit")

Type 25 (hard, EAR5-037, typed). In Washington, a river slows down where it meets the sea and keeps dropping its mud and sand, so flat new land has grown out into the water. Type the name of this landform. — delta (a delta / the delta / deltas / river delta / delter / dellta). (nearest: PR-13, an Alabama river mouth)

Type 26 (hard, EAR5-037, typed). In New Hampshire, a river has cut a deep valley with steep rock walls, and it still runs along the very bottom. Type the name of this landform. — canyon (a canyon / the canyon / canyons / canyan / canion / cannyon / kanyon). (nearest: PR-14, Nevada)

Type 27 (hard, EAR5-037). In Utah, a deep canyon has a river at its bottom, and hills of loose sand stand on the flat land above its rim. Which pair names the maker of the canyon and the maker of the sand hills, in that order? — moving water, then the wind / the wind, then moving water / ice, then moving water / moving water, then ice. (nearest: none; two landforms in one scene is new)

Type 28 (easy, EAR5-037). A mountain, a beach and a river's flat end are all shapes of the land. What is a shape of the land called? — a landscape / a layer / a map / a landform. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Match a landform to its maker: wind, water or ice), question 8)

Type 29 (medium, EAR5-038). A river in Washington runs over a flat bed of hard rock and keeps carving a little deeper every year, for a very long time. What landform forms? — a canyon / a delta / a sand dune / a wide U-shaped valley. Why: Ask what keeps working there and what it does. The river keeps carrying rock away and cuts down. So, given a very long time, a canyon forms. (nearest: Lesson 4 (Predict the landform: keep the maker working for a very long time), question 4, a Wyoming river on flat rock, drawn)

Type 30 (hard, EAR5-038, claim-reason). Ruby is wrong to say that one huge flood carved a deep canyon in Colorado in a few days. What is the correct reason? — Floods only happen in flat places. / The river is still in the canyon, still carving, bit by bit. / A flood would fill the canyon with water, not carve it. / Canyons are made by ice, not by water. Why: A river that keeps cutting down through rock for a very long time carves a canyon. The river is still at the bottom of the canyon, still carving, so the canyon was made bit by bit over an enormous amount of time. So one flood did not make it, and Ruby is not right. (source: register EAR5 SD-7; nearest: Lesson 4 (Predict the landform: keep the maker working for a very long time), question 5, the bare yes / no on a New Mexico canyon)

Type 31 (medium, EAR5-038). A river in Montana keeps dropping sand and mud where it enters a long lake, at the delta it has built there. What does that delta do over the next fifty years? — It shrinks back to the coast. / It stays exactly the same size. / It grows a little bigger. / It turns into a canyon. (nearest: Lesson 4 (Predict the landform: keep the maker working for a very long time), question 8, a Florida sea delta over a hundred years)

Type 32 (hard, EAR5-038). A river in New Mexico has carved a canyon so deep that a tall building would fit inside it. What is the correct reason the carving took a very long time? — The river only carves at night. / Rock gets harder the deeper the river cuts. / The river carries only a few bits of rock away each day. / The river had to wait for a flood to start carving. (nearest: Lesson 4 (Predict the landform: keep the maker working for a very long time), question 7, Arizona)

Type 34 (hard, EAR5-038, typed). A river in Alabama runs across flat rock and keeps carrying bits of rock away for a very long time. Type the name of the landform that forms. — canyon (accept list as type 26). (nearest: Lesson 4 (Predict the landform: keep the maker working for a very long time) attached, a Colorado river, asked as a two-option MCQ)

Type 35 (hard, EAR5-038, chain). A river in South Dakota has built a delta into a lake for thousands of years. Then people build a dam far up the river, and the river below the dam runs clear, carrying no sand or mud. What happens to the delta now? — It stops growing. / It grows faster than before. / It turns into a canyon. / It grows at the same speed as before. Why: A river that keeps dropping sand and mud builds a delta, and the delta grows year by year. Now the river carries no sand or mud, so it drops none at the delta. So the delta stops growing. (nearest: none; the maker-removed case is new)

Draw constraints (⟂ pairs: never both on one served test)

• PP-1 ⟂ PP-2 (both type 1; the same move on a bay and a sea floor). PP-3 ⟂ PP-4 (type 2). PP-8 ⟂ PP-9 (type 10). PP-10 ⟂ PP-11 (type 11).
• PP-14 (canyon named) ⟂ PP-44 (canyon typed) ⟂ PP-46 (canyon typed from the maker's job): the name is the answer in all three. PP-15 (delta named) ⟂ PP-43 (delta typed) ⟂ PP-47 (delta typed from the maker's job).
• PP-31 (what the water did to the rock to make the canyon) ⟂ PP-25 (the river valley's maker): the first prints the second's reasoning.
• PP-37 (the lake delta grows) ⟂ PP-52 (the dam stops the delta growing): the second rests on the first's fact.
• PP-21 (what the mud does) ⟂ PP-12 (what buried the plants): the first's key states the second's reason.