Topic 31 · Heart and lungs — the question types, for your rulings

Skill: course-build → write-mcqs → write-explanation, design-check-sequence @ cca3af6

Topic 31 — Heart and lungs — the PP100's question types, with their exemplars

What this page is. James reads a bank as its question TYPES first (vault: A bank is reviewed as its question types first, one exemplar each). Under the Grade 5 standing brief the bank is built straight away (50 items in content/G5T31_pp100_bank.py); this sheet is the way in. Each type line says what the stem asks, what the four options (or the accept list) are, and prints one exemplar in full. The bank's finer type_ ids (1–23) are mapped onto the twelve types below.

Rulings already applied. Four options on every MCQ (seven fixed sets, each listed in KEY_TELL_EXEMPT_SETS, the key moving within the set: what-the-heart-does J4; what-the-heart-is M4; what-a-squeeze-does S4; which-gas G4; where-the-air-goes W4; which-part P4; why-faster R4); no option bundles a verdict with its reason (the one bank claim is "He is wrong. What is the correct reason?" with four single-statement reasons; no exception named); hard = more of the skill (a word produced, a claim judged by its correct reason, two ideas chained, a set, the loop put in order), never a stranger scene, with a "hard because" line on every hard item; difficulty rises with the atom's position (LIF5-055 10 / 3 / 2, LIF5-056 9 / 6 / 3, LIF5-057 4 / 9 / 4 easy / medium / hard); every item tagged to exactly one atom; every item a fresh instance (the freshness grep in the build record); typed items ask for one word with the class named ("Type the name of that part"); the order item's key runs the stem's way (first to last); check_key_tells.py: 0 of 87 flagged.

The bar list (real things a generated item must never use): "pulse", "artery", "vein", "blood vessel", "windpipe", "chambers", "valves", "left / right side of the heart" (not taught; the words are "tubes", "the tap", "a tube from the throat"); "why the body needs oxygen" / "burns food" / "energy" (respiration is grades 6-8's); a fish or a tadpole as the breather (gills, not lungs — Grade 3's fish is the one exception and is not used here); a frog (breathes through its skin too); "the heart is where feelings are" (no documented belief; never stated); the lesson scenes (a wrist count in class, jumping jacks, a swimming pool, a bike on a hill, a race on a track) and the quiz scenes listed in the build record.

The twelve types (fewer would be better; the heart atom needs the job / what-it-is / what-a-squeeze-does / count forms, the lungs atom the which-gas / where-the-air-goes / two-tubes / why-breathe forms, the capstone the which-part-in-the-loop / why-faster / order forms, and each atom one typed form)

Type	Items	Atom	Tags	Form	The stem asks…	The options / the accept	Exemplar scene
1	4	055	easy	MCQ, the J4 set	what a named animal's or person's heart is doing	pumps blood all round the body / takes in air / mashes up food / decides what the body does	a kitten chasing string; a napping grandpa; a basketball player; a gliding owl
2	6	055	easy	MCQ, the M4 and S4 sets	what the heart IS; what each squeeze does	a lump of muscle / a stretchy bag / a soft, spongy part / a hard bone; pushes blood out along tubes / pulls air into the lungs / mashes up food / pulls blood back out of the legs	a firefighter on a ladder; a boy after soccer; a grandma's hand on her chest; a hamster on its wheel; a mail carrier; a vet and a puppy
3	3	055	medium	MCQ	how many squeezes a counted number of beats means; what makes each tap at the top of a foot; what a sleeping toddler's heart is doing	60 / 30 / 120 / 1; four single statements; four happenings	a smartwatch's count; a doctor at a boy's foot; a toddler in a stroller
4	2	055	hard	typed; MCQ	the name of the lump of muscle that pumps blood (typed); two beat counts compared — which sentence is true	accept heart, the heart, a heart, your heart, hart…; four single statements	the description; a fitness band after a game of tag
5	4	056	easy	MCQ, the G4 set	which part of the air passes into the blood; which gas leaves with the used air	oxygen / carbon dioxide / water vapor / dust	a yawning baby; a talking teacher; birthday candles; a fogged window
6	5	056	easy	MCQ, the W4 and P4 sets	where the breathed-in air goes; which part fills with air	down a tube into the lungs / down a tube into the stomach / straight into the heart / up into the brain; the lungs / the heart / the stomach / the brain	a trumpet player; a boy at a rose; a newborn calf; a howling wolf; a yawning boy
7	3	056	medium, hard	MCQ	the two tubes: which sentence is true when a child swallows and breathes in; a boy's same-tube claim — the correct reason	four single statements, each a path for the food and the air; four reasons	a bite of apple; a sip of milk; a boy's claim
8	4	056	medium	MCQ	why a child must breathe in again; what the used air carries out; what happens where air meets blood; which part passes oxygen to the blood	four single statements	a recorder's long note; a slow breath out; a runner's lungs; a cow in a barn
9	2	056	hard	typed; multi-select	the name of the part of the air that passes into the blood (typed); the TWO true sentences about the lungs	accept oxygen, the oxygen, oxigen, oxygene…; four statements, two keyed	the description; a woman reading
10	7	057	easy, medium	MCQ, the P4 set; the G4 set; drawings	which part put the oxygen into the blood; which gas the blood carries to the muscles / brings back; the part-and-job table with a blank; the loop with the heart or the body box blank; which part the blood goes through next, or reaches first on the way back	the lungs / the heart / the stomach / the brain; oxygen / carbon dioxide / water vapor / dust; every part of the body / the air outside / the throat / the stomach only	a skater; a boy on a rope; a skipping girl; the table; the two loop drawings; a boy's blood leaving his lungs; a digging man's blood
11	5	057	medium	MCQ, the R4 set and kin	why the heart pumps faster; why the breathing speeds up; what happens to the oxygen at the fingers; what a sleeping guinea pig's lungs and heart are doing	The muscles need more oxygen, so the heart pumps blood round faster / The lungs stop working, so the heart does their job too / The heart pumps faster to warm the body up / The heart pumps faster to push food along faster; four happenings	a skipping girl; a boy shoveling snow; a hiker; a boy writing; a guinea pig
12	4	057	hard	order; MCQ; typed	the four stops of the oxygen and the waste gas in order, first to last; why both slow down together at rest; what is true of the blood while a boy holds his breath; the name of the two parts that take in air and pass oxygen to the blood (typed)	the four steps; four reasons; four single statements; accept lungs, the lungs, lung, two lungs…	a boy on the playground; a girl resting after a run; a boy holding his breath; the description

Hard because — type 4: the name is produced from its description with the lungs and the stomach as traps; two counts are read and the beat-is-a-squeeze link applied to compare them. Type 7 (the claim): the register's same-tube belief is judged by its correct reason against three reasons that keep part of the belief. Type 9: the word is produced against the carbon-dioxide trap; a set of two true statements is held together against the same-tube belief and the heart's job. Type 12: the whole loop is ordered from the four stops the lesson traced; the speed-up reason is run in reverse on a resting body; two ideas are held apart (no new air means less oxygen into the blood, while the heart keeps pumping); the two parts are named from their place in the loop with the heart as the trap.

Draw constraints (⟂, for the test builder). Adjudication additions (8 Oct 2026, from the cold readers' side): PP-40 ⟂ PP-41 (the two loop blanks hand each other their boxes); PP-42 (typed heart) ⟂ PP-05, PP-06, PP-07 (the M4 set prints "a lump of muscle"); PP-50 (typed lungs) ⟂ PP-23, PP-32, PP-05, PP-06, PP-07 (the lungs named or "a soft, spongy part" printed); PP-47 (the order item) ⟂ PP-31, PP-33, PP-34, PP-39 (each prints one of its steps). PP-27 ⟂ PP-28 (the apple and the milk are one move on two scenes: draw one per test). PP-45 (the same-tube claim by its reason) ⟂ PP-15–17 (the W4 set states the right path in its key). PP-47 (the order item) ⟂ PP-33 and PP-34 (the next-part items print two of its steps). PP-48 (both slow down) ⟂ PP-36 and PP-37 (the speed-up reasons). The typed heart (PP-42), typed oxygen (PP-44) and typed lungs (PP-50) each ⟂ every item whose options print that word in the same form: draw a typed item before, never after, its MCQ sisters in one test.

One exemplar per type, in full

Type 1 (easy, LIF5-055). A kitten chases a piece of string round the kitchen, and its heart beats fast. What is the kitten's heart doing? — pumps blood all round the body / takes in air / mashes up food / decides what the body does. Why: The heart pumps blood all round the body. The kitten's heart beats fast as it chases the string. So its heart is pumping blood all round its body. (nearest: Lesson 1 (The heart: a muscle that pumps blood), question 1, which part thumps after the stairs — a different ask on a different scene)

Type 2 (easy, LIF5-055). A hamster runs on its wheel, and its tiny heart squeezes fast. What does each squeeze do? — pushes blood out along tubes / pulls air into the lungs / mashes up food / pulls blood back out of the legs. Why: The heart is a pump. Each squeeze pushes blood out of the heart along tubes to every part of the body. So each squeeze of the hamster's heart pushes blood out along tubes. (nearest: Lesson 1 (The heart: a muscle that pumps blood), question 4, the nurse's thump — three options)

Type 3 (medium, LIF5-055). A smartwatch on a man's arm counts his heartbeats: 60 beats in one minute. How many times did his heart squeeze in that minute? — 30 / 60 / 120 / 1. Why: Each beat of the heart is one squeeze. The watch counted 60 beats in one minute. So his heart squeezed 60 times in that minute. (nearest: none in the quizzes; the lesson's "one tap is one squeeze" line)

Type 4 (hard, LIF5-055, typed). A lump of muscle in the middle of your chest squeezes again and again, and each squeeze pushes blood along tubes to every part of your body. Type the name of that part. — accept: heart, the heart, a heart, your heart, my heart, hart, heart muscle, the heart muscle; wrong_fb for lungs / lung / stomach / muscle. Why: The heart is a lump of muscle in the middle of the chest. It squeezes again and again, and each squeeze pushes blood along tubes to every part of the body. So the part is the heart. Hard because: the name is produced from its description, with the lungs and the stomach as the traps with their own feedback. (nearest: Lesson 1 (The heart: a muscle that pumps blood), question 8, what a real heart IS — recognition among three)

Type 5 (easy, LIF5-056). A girl blows out the candles on her birthday cake. Which gas has passed out of her blood and leaves in that breath? — water vapor / dust / oxygen / carbon dioxide. Why: The blood brings a waste gas back to the lungs. That waste gas, carbon dioxide, passes out of the blood and is breathed out. So carbon dioxide leaves in her breath. (nearest: Lesson 2 (The lungs: oxygen in, waste gas out), question 3, a man breathes out — three options)

Type 6 (easy, LIF5-056). A trumpet player takes a deep breath before a long note. Where does the air go? — down a tube into the lungs / down a tube into the stomach / straight into the heart / up into the brain. Why: The lungs take in air. Air goes down a tube from the throat into the lungs. So the air goes down a tube into his lungs. (nearest: Lesson 2 (The lungs: oxygen in, waste gas out), question 1, a boy breathes in through his nose — three options)

Type 7 (hard, LIF5-056, the claim by its reason). A boy says the air he breathes in goes down to his stomach. He is wrong. What is the correct reason? — Air goes up its own tube, which ends at the brain. / Air goes down its own tube, which ends at the lungs. / Air goes down to the stomach only while he is eating. / Air stays in his throat and never goes down at all. Why: Food goes down its own tube, to the stomach. Air goes down its own tube, to the lungs. So the air he breathes in does not go to his stomach, and the boy is not right. Source: register LIF5 SD-6 (pre-existing); Lesson 2 (The lungs: oxygen in, waste gas out)'s two-tubes lines. (nearest: Lesson 2 (The lungs: oxygen in, waste gas out), question 5, Asha's claim — bare yes / no)

Type 8 (medium, LIF5-056). A boy plays a long note on a recorder until he runs out of breath, then gasps. Why does he need to breathe in again straight away? — His recorder needs air to make its sound. / His body needs oxygen from the air. / His stomach needs air to mash his lunch. / His lungs have filled up with blood. Why: The part of the air a living thing needs is called oxygen. In the lungs, oxygen from the air passes into the blood. So he must breathe in again straight away, because his body needs oxygen from the air. (nearest: Lesson 2 (The lungs: oxygen in, waste gas out), question 4, the balloon — three options)

Type 9 (hard, LIF5-056, multi-select). A woman breathes in and out as she reads a book. Select the TWO sentences that are true about her lungs. — In her lungs, oxygen from the air passes into her blood. / In her lungs, carbon dioxide passes out of her blood. / Her lungs mash up the air before it goes to her stomach. / Her lungs pump her blood round her body. Why: The lungs take in air. In the lungs, oxygen from the air passes into the blood, and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood. So the two true sentences are the oxygen passing in and the carbon dioxide passing out. Hard because: a set of two true statements is held together against the same-tube belief and the heart's job. (nearest: the Lesson 2 (The lungs: oxygen in, waste gas out) FRQ, the sleeping girl's breaths)

Type 10 (medium, LIF5-057, a drawing). [the loop with the heart box blank] Here is a drawing of the blood going round the body, with one part missing. Which part goes in the empty box? — the brain / the lungs / the heart / the stomach. Why: Blood carrying oxygen comes from the lungs into the empty box and goes on to every part of the body. The heart pumps blood from the lungs out to every part of the body. So the heart goes in the empty box. (nearest: Lesson 3 (How the heart and lungs work together), question 7, the loop with the lungs box blank — a different blank, three options)

Type 11 (medium, LIF5-057). A girl skips rope fast, and her heart pumps faster. What is the reason? — The muscles need more oxygen, so the heart pumps blood round faster. / The lungs stop working, so the heart does their job too. / The heart pumps faster to warm the body up. / The heart pumps faster to push food along faster. Why: Every part of the body needs oxygen, and the blood carries it there. Skipping makes her leg muscles need more oxygen. So her heart pumps the blood round faster. (nearest: Lesson 3 (How the heart and lungs work together), question 4, the sprint for the bus — three options)

Type 12 (hard, LIF5-057, order). A boy runs across the playground. Tap the steps the oxygen and the waste gas take in the order they happen, first to last. — In the lungs, oxygen from the air passes into the blood. → The heart pumps the blood out along tubes to the leg muscles. → In the leg muscles, oxygen passes out of the blood and carbon dioxide passes in. → The blood carries the carbon dioxide back to the lungs, where it is breathed out. Why: The lungs put oxygen into the blood. The heart pumps that blood to every part of the body, where oxygen passes out and carbon dioxide passes in. So the blood brings the carbon dioxide back to the lungs, and the order runs lungs, heart, muscles, lungs. Hard because: the whole loop is put in order from the four stops the lesson traced. Convention: the key is stored first to last, the stem's direction; no sibling item asks the reverse. (nearest: the Lesson 3 (How the heart and lungs work together) article's "Round and round" run — the quiz never asks the order)