Topic 34 · Kidneys, bladder and the reproductive organs — the question types, for your rulings

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Topic 34 — the kidneys, the bladder and the reproductive organs — the PP100's question types, with their exemplars

What this page is. James reads a bank as its question TYPES first (vault: A bank is reviewed as its question types first, one exemplar each). Under the Grade 5 standing brief the bank is built straight away (50 items in content/G5T34_pp100_bank.py); this sheet is the way in. Each type line says what the stem asks, what the four options (or the accept list) are, and prints one exemplar in full. Tags follow depth of reasoning — easy = one fact or a one-step pick, a position or a shape recalled; medium = the rule applied to a fresh case, a reason picked, a next stop or the whole path picked; hard = a word produced, the whole order produced, a set, or two ideas chained — and rise with the atom's order: LIF5-065 (the kidneys) eight easy, three medium, two hard; LIF5-066 (the bladder) seven easy, four medium, one hard; LIF5-067 (the path, the capstone) three easy, seven medium, five hard; LIF5-068 (the reproductive organs) seven easy, three medium, no hard. Every hard item carries a one-line "hard because" (hb) in the bank file.

Rulings already applied. Four options on every MCQ (fixed sets: the organ set "the kidneys / the bladder / the reproductive organs / the heart", whose key moves; the job set; the color set "dark yellow / pale yellow / green / brown"; the bladder-state set "small and empty / stretched and full / full of blood / full of air"; the next-stop set "the kidneys / the bladder / out of the body / back into the blood"; the what-comes-out set; the where set; the four path lists); no option bundles a verdict with its reason (the bank carries no claim item at all: no documented belief touches these atoms); every stem is a positive question of at most two sentences; an item drawing colours ONE organ with no chip, and its blind text describes the drawing as data (two bean shapes under faint rib lines; a small bag low in the belly with a tube into it from each side), never the organ's name or job; "reproductive organs" is recalled by MCQ only (RECALL_BY_MCQ — a two-word term is never typed); the typed keys are "kidneys", "urine" and "bladder" (child spellings in the accept lists; "pee" and "wee" accepted for urine, since Lesson 1 (The kidneys: two organs that clean the blood) says pee beside it); two reorder items and one multi-select, where the answer genuinely is an order or a set; every item names ONE atom; US spelling. MCQ keys A 10 · B 13 · C 12 · D 9.

The bar list (real things a generated item must never use): "ureter", "urethra", "nephron", "filter", "urinary system", "bile", "hormone" (grades 6-8 or beyond the benchmark); any name for the reproductive organs' cells or parts beyond "the cells a baby grows from" (James's scope: the name and the one-line job, no mechanism, no sex education content); "pee" anywhere in the bank (urine is the taught word); "non-living"; any lesson scene (Iris's hot hiking trail and almost empty bottle; Jasmine's long car ride, the juice box and the rest stop; Kofi's breakfast glass of water; Miss Hartley's board drawing; the intro's playground water bottle); any quiz, attached, summary or practice scene (the beach, the basketball game, the lemonade party, the movie, the long bus ride, the swim meet, the glass of milk, the bottle of water at lunch, the hot chocolate, the baseball game; the zoo, the plane, the apple cider, the stairs, the sandwich, the soup, the big cup of water at dinner); a child's name from any topic's row (the bank names no child: "a girl", "a boy").

The fourteen types (fewer would be better; every organ needs the which-organ, the what-job and the where forms, and the capstone needs the next-stop, the path, the order and the set forms)

Hard because — type 11: the word is produced, not picked. Type 12: the whole order is produced. Type 13: a set is held together; picking one gives the other away. Type 14: two ideas chained (the kidneys keep taking waste out whatever she drinks, and little extra water means less, darker urine; the extra water becomes urine and the filling bladder wakes him).

⟂ draw constraints (an item that prints another's answer; near-duplicate pairs — never on one form): PP-03 (what the kidneys take out) ⟂ PP-43 (typed kidneys: its stem says "take waste and extra water out") ⟂ PP-44 (typed urine: its stem says "waste and extra water leave … as a yellow liquid"); PP-21 (the reproductive organs let adults have babies) ⟂ PP-25 (its stem states that job and asks the name); PP-16 ⟂ PP-35 ⟂ PP-39 (the kidneys as the first stop, the organs the urine came from, the organ between the kidneys and the outside — three reads of one path); PP-17 ⟂ PP-31 (the urine's next stop; where the two tubes lead); PP-07 ⟂ PP-27 (the dark color and its reason, one case); PP-36 ⟂ PP-38 (where the kidneys' water or waste is now — one move, two scenes); PP-13 ⟂ PP-14 ⟂ PP-29 (the bladder's state and the full-feeling reason); PP-19 ⟂ PP-24 ⟂ PP-25 (the reproductive organs picked from the organ set three ways); PP-34 ⟂ PP-35 ⟂ PP-46 ⟂ PP-47 (the path as a list and as an order); PP-49 ⟂ PP-27 (little to drink → dark urine).

One exemplar per type, in full

Type 1 (easy, LIF5-065). A girl skates at an ice rink, and her blood picks up waste from the parts of her body. Which organs clean the waste out of her blood? — the bladder / the reproductive organs / the heart / the kidneys. Why: The kidneys clean the blood. They take waste and extra water out of the blood. So her kidneys clean the waste out of her blood. (nearest lesson-side instance: Lesson 1 (The kidneys: two organs that clean the blood), question 1, three options, no scene — here the set is four and fixed)

Type 2 (easy, LIF5-066). A girl waits in line at a theme park. What is the job of her bladder? — store urine until you go to the toilet / make the cells a baby grows from / pump blood all round the body / clean the blood and make urine. (nearest: Lesson 2 (The bladder: a stretchy bag that stores urine), question 2)

Type 3 (easy, LIF5-065). Which sentence is true about the kidneys? — They are one long, folded tube. / They are one stretchy bag. / They are two bean-shaped organs. / They are one pump in the chest. (nearest: none — the lessons teach the shape in prose; no quiz item asks it)

Type 4 (easy, LIF5-066). [Drawing: a front view of a head and trunk; one part inside the trunk is coloured and the rest are gray; the coloured part is a small bag low in the middle of the belly, with a thin gray tube coming down into it from each side and a short gray tube leaving its bottom] One part is colored in this drawing of the inside of the body. Which organ is it? — the kidneys / the bladder / the reproductive organs / the heart. (nearest: none — the quizzes carry no drawn item)

Type 5 (easy, LIF5-065). A girl drinks a lot of water during a long dance class. That evening, what color is her urine? — pale yellow / green / brown / dark yellow. (nearest: Lesson 1 (The kidneys: two organs that clean the blood), question 5, the basketball game, two options)

Type 6 (easy, LIF5-066). A girl has just been to the toilet at a restaurant. What is her bladder like now? — full of blood / full of air / small and empty / stretched and full. (nearest: Lesson 2 (The bladder: a stretchy bag that stores urine), question 3, two options)

Type 7 (easy, LIF5-067). Urine leaves a girl's kidneys. Where does it go next? — back into the blood / the kidneys / the bladder / out of the body. (nearest: Lesson 3 (The path from the blood to the toilet), question 3, the glass of milk, scaffolded)

Type 8 (medium, LIF5-065). A girl's urine is dark yellow after a long soccer game in Texas. What is the correct reason? — Her kidneys took out a lot of water with the waste. / Her kidneys stopped taking waste out of her blood. / Her kidneys took out little water with the waste. / Her kidneys made no urine at all. (nearest: Lesson 1 (The kidneys: two organs that clean the blood), question 6, the lemonade party, keyed on the pale case)

Type 9 (medium, LIF5-067). A boy's kidneys take some waste out of his blood at nine in the morning, and he does not go to the toilet until noon. At ten, where is that waste? — back in his blood / in his bladder, as urine / in his stomach / in his heart. (nearest: Lesson 3 (The path from the blood to the toilet), question 8 — a different move: that item asks where the urine came from)

Type 10 (medium, LIF5-067). A girl drinks a fruit smoothie. Which list gives the path the extra water takes, in order, from her blood to the outside? — the bladder, the kidneys, the blood, out of the body / the blood, the kidneys, the bladder, out of the body / the blood, the bladder, the kidneys, out of the body / the kidneys, the blood, the bladder, out of the body. (nearest: Lesson 3 (The path from the blood to the toilet), question 5, the bottle of water at lunch, three options)

Type 11 (hard, LIF5-066). A stretchy bag low in a boy's belly stores urine until he goes to the toilet. Type the name of this organ. — accept: bladder, the bladder, a bladder, bladders, blader, bladdar, bladda, blatter. Why: The bladder is a stretchy bag that stores urine until you go to the toilet. So the name is bladder. (nearest: Lesson 2 (The bladder: a stretchy bag that stores urine), question 9, typed)

Type 12 (hard, LIF5-067). A boy drinks a cup of fruit punch. Tap the places in order, from where the extra water goes first to where it goes last. — the blood → the kidneys → the bladder → out of the body (stored first to last, the stem's way). (nearest: Lesson 3 (The path from the blood to the toilet), question 6, the hot chocolate, four steps as happenings)

Type 13 (hard, LIF5-067). A girl drinks a can of soda. Select the TWO organs that the extra water passes through, as urine, on its way out of her body. — the kidneys / the bladder / the reproductive organs / the heart. (nearest: none)

Type 14 (hard, LIF5-067). A girl spends a hot afternoon at a water park but drinks almost nothing. Which sentence is true about the urine that reaches her bladder that afternoon? — There is more of it, and it is pale yellow. / There is none, because she did not drink. / There is less of it, and it is dark yellow. / It is clear, like water. (nearest: Lesson 3 (The path from the blood to the toilet), question 9, the baseball game — a bare yes / no on whether the bladder still fills; here the two ideas are chained into one statement)