Skill: course-build → write-mcqs → write-explanation, design-check-sequence @ a538c92
Topic 24 — Volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides — the PP100's ten question types, with their exemplars
What this page is. James approves a bank's question TYPES before the bank is generated (vault: A bank is reviewed as its question types first, one exemplar each, 28 Sep 2026). This sheet writes the exemplars in full, exactly as they sit in content/G3T24.py (PP100, flagged TYPE_SHEET_ONLY). Ten types for six atoms, one exemplar each. No other bank item exists yet. Once the types stand, about fifty items are generated from them, varying the place, the described case, the names and the drawing, easy-heavy.
Revised 28 Sep 2026 (night) after the non-author review (REVIEW_G3T24_2026-09-28.md): six exemplars sat on the lessons' own scenes or repeated a quiz or practice item with a noun changed (R01 blocks; R12–R17) and are re-instanced on new places and, for the drawn one, a new drawing: PP-7 a farm track in Alaska on Friday; PP-2 a schoolyard; PP-6 hot water in Arkansas, asked as "what is missing"; PP-8 a campsite beside a lake in Idaho; PP-9 a fresh slope with a stream (pp_hill2_after); PP-3 Kentucky on Friday; PP-10 a described scene, not the definition; PP-4 Oregon (R40); PP-5's key moved to B (R34). "Geyser" is not said anywhere (R05). The inventory below is rewritten against the revised lessons.
James's rulings applied. Hard items are typed, never MCQs (28 Sep night): two text-entry types — the name of the event read off a drawn change, and the word for the melted rock that comes out of a volcano. The topic is not numerical, so no numeric type. Easy and medium are four-option MCQs. No stem leans on a video; no option bundles a verdict with a reason; every stem is a positive question (the one reason-pick, type 2, states the verdict in the stem and offers four single-statement reasons); no item figure carries a verdict mark, an event chip or a question chip; every exemplar is a fresh instance — the design-move inventory below names each exemplar's nearest lesson-side instance so a reviewer can check freshness in one look. Nothing James has rejected appears here.
How to read a type line. Each says what the stem asks, what the four options are (the kind of thing), and gives its exemplar scene. Every MCQ has a why (no per-option feedback in the bank; the engine prints Correct / Not quite). Tags follow depth of reasoning: easy = one described or drawn case sorted, or one outcome predicted from one taught rule; medium = the rule applied to a fresh place with the reason asked, the speed applied to a new case, or one change predicted against the other two events as distractors; hard = the event's name PRODUCED from a drawn change that has to be read at two places (a hollow above, a heap below) and sorted against the other two events, or the term produced from its description.
The ten types
| Type | Item | Atom | Tag | Form | The stem asks… | The options / the accept | Exemplar scene |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PP-1 | EAR3-007 | easy | MCQ | four described places: which one is a volcano | four places, one with melted rock coming out of an opening | a mountain in Alaska / a snowy Colorado mountain / an Idaho hot-water hole / a green Ohio hill |
| 2 | PP-6 | EAR3-007 | medium | MCQ | hot water flows out of an opening in the ground: what is missing for it to be a volcano | four things, one the defining feature (melted rock coming out) | Arkansas hot water |
| 3 | PP-2 | EAR3-010 | easy | MCQ | lava flowed over a named place and cooled: what covers it now | four things that could cover land: water / solid rock / mud / grass | a schoolyard below a volcano in Hawaii |
| 4 | PP-7 | EAR3-010 | medium | MCQ | lava flows over a named thing on a named afternoon: about when does new solid rock lie there | four times, in order: by Saturday / one hundred years / one thousand years / one million years | a farm track in Alaska, Friday afternoon |
| 5 | PP-3 | EAR3-008 | easy | MCQ | four things that happened in a town on one day: which one was an earthquake | four events, one the ground itself shaking | a Kentucky town on Friday: a train, a slammed door, the ground shaking under the whole town, hail |
| 6 | PP-5 | EAR3-011 | easy | MCQ | an earthquake shakes a named place: which of these can it leave behind | four states of the ground, one a crack with a step, the others the other events' changes | a school parking lot in Utah (key B) |
| 7 | PP-4 | EAR3-009 | easy | MCQ | four things that happened on a farm after a week of rain: which one was a landslide | four events, one a mass of soil sliding down | an Oregon farm: the pond, the creek, a few stones, a bank of soil onto the barn |
| 8 | PP-8 | EAR3-012 + EAR3-010 / 011 (pair) | medium | MCQ | a mass of soil slides down a hillside onto a named place: what does the hillside look like afterward | four states of a slope: new rock / a crack with a step / a bare hollow / the same | a campsite beside a lake in Idaho |
| 9 | PP-9 | EAR3-012 + EAR3-009, against 010 / 011 (pair) | hard | text, drawn | a drawn changed slope, never a teaching figure: type the name of the event | acc_word("landslide", "land slide") | a gentle slope, the hollow low, a wide heap across a stream (pp_hill2_after) |
| 10 | PP-10 | EAR3-007 | hard | text | a described scene (glowing melted rock running down a mountain toward the sea): type the name for the melted rock | lava / the lava | a mountain in Hawaii |
Hard because (type 9): the student reads two changes off the drawing (a bare hollow above, a heap below), sorts them against the other two events' changes (new rock; a crack with a step), and produces the event's name — three steps, none of them recognition. Hard because (type 10): the term is produced from its description, not recognised among four; the stem describes the thing and never prints the word. Medium because (type 2): the student names the ONE missing feature that would make the opening a volcano, against three that sound like they might matter (size, height, cold). Medium because (type 4): the speed is applied to a new place and day. Medium because (type 8): one event's change is predicted against the other two events' changes as distractors, so the student must hold all three.
Bank notes for the generator. Type 1 and type 5 and type 7: vary the four described cases every time — a different real state, a different near-miss (a geyser, a hot spring, a snowy peak; a train, thunder, a door, a jet; a creek, a puddle, pebbles, a slipped cow). Type 6 and type 8: the distractors are always the other two events' changes, so these two types also test the sort. Type 9's bank instances: the three drawn after-pictures (field under rock → "volcano" or "eruption" accepted; cracked road → "earthquake"; slid hillside → "landslide"), each on a fresh drawing (a different road, a different field, a different slope), with an accept list generated by acc_word and, for the volcano case, both "volcano" and "eruption" forms. Type 10 stays on "lava" and may add "erupts" ("When melted rock comes out of a volcano, we say it ___") and "earthquake" / "landslide" from their descriptions. No bank item names a headache character (Sienna, Hazel, Camila, Elliot, Javier), a scene child (Miles, Silas, Beatriz, Dahlia, Nolan, Renata) or a claim-maker already used (Desmond, Marcus, Ramona, Lorenzo, Paloma, Fletcher, Wendell, Jasmine, Emmett, Rosalie, Tobin, Bernadette, Clementine); no bank item sits on a lesson's taught scene (the field below the volcano, Old Faithful, Pikes Peak, Kilauea, Mount Saint Helens, Hazel's kitchen, the park, the railway line, the stream, the class's hillside) or copies the L01-V / L01 q2 instance (an Alaska cone with melted rock out of its opening).
Coverage (every atom alone, and the pairs)
| Atom | Types testing it alone | Pair types |
|---|---|---|
| EAR3-007 what a volcano is | 1, 2 | 10 (the term, by production) |
| EAR3-010 volcanoes change the land fast | 3, 4 | 6, 8, 9 (as the sort's distractor or instance) |
| EAR3-008 what an earthquake is | 5 | — |
| EAR3-011 earthquakes change the land fast | 6 | 8, 9 (as the sort's distractor or instance) |
| EAR3-009 what a landslide is | 7 | 9 (with EAR3-012) |
| EAR3-012 landslides change the land fast | 8 | 9 (with EAR3-009; against 010 / 011) |
At most two alone-types per atom (James: "unlikely that you're going to need more than two question types per atom"). Order in the file: easy PP-1…PP-5 → medium PP-6…PP-8 → hard PP-9, PP-10. Keys of the eight MCQs, in file order: PP-1 A · PP-2 B · PP-3 C · PP-4 D · PP-5 B · PP-6 D · PP-7 A · PP-8 C (two of each letter; the fixed time list in PP-7 keeps its natural order). Typed items: 2 of 10 on the sheet; in a bank of about fifty, types 9 and 10 supply 12–15 typed items (three drawn events × fresh drawings; five terms from descriptions).
Design-move inventory (every move on the page, then the bank's)
| Move (what the student does with what) | Lesson-side instances | Bank exemplar |
|---|---|---|
| sort a described or drawn place: volcano or not (yes / no) | L01 q2 Mount Redoubt, q3 Mount Mitchell, q4 a Nevada geyser, q5 Mount Hood, q8 an Ohio hill, q9 a quiet Alaska volcano; L01-V an Alaska mountain; PR-1 three described places; PR-2 an Idaho geyser | PP-1: four described places in one item, a new set (an Alaska mountain, a snowy Colorado mountain, an Idaho hot-water hole, an Ohio hill) — the move is the sort; the form (four places, pick the one) appears nowhere on the lesson side |
| the geyser as the boundary case: why it is not a volcano | L01 article (Old Faithful card); L01 q4 (yes / no only) | PP-6: hot water in Arkansas, "what is missing for this opening to be a volcano" — a fresh place (not the lesson's Old Faithful) and a move the lesson side never asks |
| predict what covers land after lava cools | L02 q2 a drawn field (solid rock / grass / water), q5 a forest in Alaska, L02-V a drawn field; PR-4 what the dark layer is; PR-10 FRQ a farm | PP-2: a schoolyard below a volcano in Hawaii, four things (water / solid rock / mud / grass) — the nearest lesson-side instance is L02 q2 (a drawn field); PP-2's case is a new kind of ground, described, with a four-member set |
| how fast lava covers land | L02 q6 (Monday → by Tuesday, three times) | PP-7: a farm track in Alaska on Friday afternoon, by Saturday, four times up to one million years — nearest instance L02 q6 (a road, Monday → Tuesday); a new thing covered, a new day, a fourth option; the move is the type by design |
| sort a described event: earthquake or not | L03 q1 Oklahoma, q2 a jet, q3 thunder, q4 a field in Alaska, q9 Nolan asleep (yes / no); L03 q10 three events; L03-V an Alaska town; PR-3 Missouri | PP-3: four things that happened in a Kentucky town on Friday — a new framing (four events in one place on one day), new near-misses (a train, a door, hail); PR-3's Missouri town is left to the practice set |
| predict the ground after an earthquake | L04 q2 a flat field in Nevada, L04-V a drawn road; PR-5 what a road can look like | PP-5: a school parking lot in Utah, "which of these can it leave behind", the other two events' changes as distractors — nearest instance L04 q2; the case kind (a parking lot) and the distractor set (the other events) are new |
| sort a described event: landslide or not | L05 q1 a rainy hill (drawn), q2 Washington, q3 Alaska, q4 Kansas, q7 pebbles (yes / no); L05 q8 three events; L05-V Oregon; PR-11 three events | PP-4: four things on an Oregon farm after a week of rain — a new framing, new near-misses (a full pond, a fast creek, a few stones) |
| predict the slope after a landslide | L06 q2 a drawn hillside (the road), q3 the top of the slope, q6 a stream, q10 a cornfield; L06-V where the soil came from; PR-6 the slope | PP-8: a campsite beside a lake in Idaho, the hillside afterward, the other two events' changes as distractors — nearest instance L06 q3 (three options, none the other events'); the railway line is L06's own prediction and is not used |
| name the event from a drawn change | L04 q5 a drawn road, L06 q8 a drawn hillside (three events, MCQ); SUMMARY-1/2/3 (the fixed three-event set) | PP-9: a fresh slope (pp_hill2_after: gentler, the hollow low, a wide heap across a stream — never a teaching figure), the name TYPED — the move's typed form appears nowhere on the lesson side |
| the term by recall | L01 q11 lava, q12 volcano; L03 q11; L05 q10; PR-12…PR-16 | PP-10: lava from a described scene (glowing melted rock running slowly down a Hawaii mountain toward the sea) — the practice items now ask each term from a case too (PR-12 a mountain in Alaska toward a river), so PP-10's scene and its "toward the sea" are its own |
| claims (bare yes / no) | L01 q7 Desmond; L02 q4 Marcus, q8 Ramona; L03 q5 Lorenzo, q8 Paloma; L04 q4 Fletcher, q8 Wendell, q10 Jasmine; L05 q5 Emmett, q9 Rosalie; L06 q5 Tobin, q9 Bernadette; PR-7 Clementine | none on the sheet — a bare claim has two options; the bank's MCQs need four |
| the why (reasons only) | L02 q3 why the lava is hard; L04 q3 why the road cracked; L06 q4 why the soil is on the road | none on the sheet beyond type 2 — the reason-pick form is reserved for the geyser boundary, where the lesson never asks it |
No bank exemplar sits on a lesson's taught scene or repeats a quiz or practice item with a noun changed (the review's block and five fix rows, all re-instanced); two exemplars (PP-2, PP-7) share a move with one quiz item by design and differ in case kind, day and option set, as James asked ("reuse the types, use different examples").
The exemplars, in full
Type 1 — PP-1 · EAR3-007 · easy
Stem: Which of these places is a volcano?
- a mountain in Alaska where melted rock comes out of an opening at the top ← key
- a snowy mountain in Colorado with no opening
- a hole in Idaho that hot water shoots out of
- a round green hill in Ohio
Why: A volcano is an opening in the ground where melted rock from deep inside Earth comes out. / Only the Alaska mountain has melted rock coming out of an opening. / So it is the volcano.
Type 3 — PP-2 · EAR3-010 · easy
Stem: Lava flows over a schoolyard below a volcano in Hawaii and cools. What covers the schoolyard now?
- water
- solid rock ← key
- mud
- grass
Why: Lava is melted rock, a liquid. / Out in the air, it cools and turns into a solid. / So solid rock covers the schoolyard.
Type 5 — PP-3 · EAR3-008 · easy
Stem: Four things happened in a town in Kentucky on Friday. Which one was an earthquake?
- A train rumbled through the station.
- A door slammed in the wind.
- The ground shook under the whole town for eight seconds. ← key
- Hail rattled on every roof.
Why: An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground. / A train, a door and hail can rattle a station, a door or a roof, but the ground stays still. / Only under the town did the ground itself shake. / So that was the earthquake.
Type 7 — PP-4 · EAR3-009 · easy
Stem: Four things happened on a farm in Oregon after a week of rain. Which one was a landslide?
- Water filled the pond to its top.
- The creek ran fast and muddy.
- A few stones rolled off the wall.
- A whole bank of soil slid down onto the barn. ← key
Why: A landslide is a mass of rock or soil suddenly sliding down a slope. / The pond and the creek are water; a few stones are not a mass of soil. / Only the bank of soil is a mass of soil sliding down a slope. / So that was the landslide.
Type 6 — PP-5 · EAR3-011 · easy
Stem: An earthquake shakes a school parking lot in Utah for twenty seconds. Which of these can it leave behind in the parking lot?
- a layer of new solid rock over it
- a crack across it, one side a step higher ← key
- a heap of soil and rock on it
- a pond of hot water on it
Why: When an earthquake strikes, the ground shakes. / As it shakes, it cracks in places, and one side of a crack can end up a step higher. / So the earthquake can leave a crack across the parking lot.
Type 2 — PP-6 · EAR3-007 · medium
Stem: In Arkansas, hot water flows out of an opening in the ground. What is missing for this opening to be a volcano?
- a bigger opening
- a taller mountain
- a colder place
- melted rock coming out ← key
Why: A volcano is an opening where melted rock from deep inside Earth comes out. / Here hot water comes out, not melted rock. / So melted rock coming out is what is missing.
Type 4 — PP-7 · EAR3-010 · medium
Stem: Lava from a volcano in Alaska flows over a farm track on Friday afternoon. About when does new solid rock lie on the track?
- by Saturday ← key
- in one hundred years
- in one thousand years
- in one million years
Why: Lava pours out and flows over the track. / Out in the air, it cools into solid rock in about a day. / So by Saturday, new solid rock lies on the track.
Type 8 — PP-8 · EAR3-012 + EAR3-010 / 011 · medium
Stem: A mass of soil slides down a hillside onto a campsite beside a lake in Idaho. What does the hillside look like afterward?
- It has a layer of new solid rock.
- It has a crack with one side a step higher.
- It has a bare hollow where the soil was. ← key
- It looks the same as before.
Why: A landslide is a mass of soil and rock sliding down a slope. / Where the soil was, the slope is left with a bare hollow. / So the hillside has a bare hollow afterward.
Type 9 — PP-9 · EAR3-012 + EAR3-009 · hard · text entry · drawing pp_hill2_after (a fresh slope: gentle, one tree left on the top, a bare hollow low on the slope, a wide heap of soil and rocks with a tipped tree lying across a stream)
Stem: Look at the hillside. Type the name of the event that changed it.
Accept: landslide · a landslide · the landslide · land slide · a land slide · the land slide (the grader folds case)
Why: The slope has a bare hollow, and a heap of soil and rock lies at its foot, across the stream. / A landslide leaves the land like that. / New solid rock would mean a volcano; a crack with a step would mean an earthquake. / So the event was a landslide.
Hard because: two changes read off the drawing, sorted against the other two events, and the name produced.
Type 10 — PP-10 · EAR3-007 · hard · text entry
Stem: On a mountain in Hawaii, glowing red melted rock runs slowly down the side toward the sea. Type the name for the melted rock.
Accept: lava · the lava
Why: Deep inside Earth, rock is so hot that it has melted. / When it comes out of a volcano, the melted rock is called lava. / It is not fire: it is rock, melted.
Hard because: the term is produced from its description, not recognised.