Topic 1 · Why everything falls toward Earth's centre — the question types, for your rulings

Skill: course-build → write-mcqs → write-explanation, design-check-sequence @ cca3af6

Topic 1 — Why everything falls toward Earth's center — the PP100's question types, with their exemplars

What this page is. James reads a bank as its question TYPES first (vault: A bank is reviewed as its question types first, one exemplar each). Under the Grade 5 standing brief the bank is built straight away (52 items in content/G5T01_pp100_bank.py); this sheet is the way in. Each type line says what the stem asks, what the four options (or the accept list) are, and prints one exemplar in full. Tags follow depth of reasoning — easy = one fact or a one-step sort; medium = the rule applied to a fresh case, a reason picked, a drawn globe read, a one-word fact produced; hard = a term produced, a claim judged by its correct reason, two ideas chained, two observations held against the rule's two conditions — and rise with the atom's order: FOR5-001 (Earth pulls on everything) twelve easy, three medium, three hard; FOR5-002 (down means toward Earth's center) six easy, seven medium, four hard; FOR5-003 (the evidence, the capstone) two easy, eight medium, seven hard. Every hard item carries a one-line "hard because" (hb) in the bank file.

Rulings already applied. Four options on every MCQ (fixed sets: the puller "Earth / the air / the Sun / nothing"; the when-set "only while it falls / only while it rests / only while it moves / all the time", ordered and kept in order; the name-set "its weight / its push / its speed / its size"; the direction-set "toward the ground under her feet / toward the North Pole / toward the bottom of a map / off into space"; the drawn-globe set "toward the center / left edge / top edge / bottom edge of the drawing" — all declared in KEY_TELL_EXEMPT_SETS); no option bundles a verdict with its reason (every bank claim is "X is wrong … What is the correct reason?" with four single-statement reasons; James's 8 Oct four-option verdict-and-reason form is NOT used — the 28 Sep ban is applied as written, so no exception is named here); every stem is a positive question of at most two sentences unless tagged hard; an item globe carries no centre dot and no arrows and its blind text says so as data; the typed keys are "Earth" (medium), "weight", "center" and "evidence" (hard), one word each, with article, child-spelling and ("center") British and "middle" forms accepted — "weight" is Grade 3's name for Earth's pull, recalled here (not this topic's coining) and typed only in the hard tier where the lexicon line carries it; every item names ONE atom; US spelling; units as words. MCQ keys A 7 · B 12 · C 12 · D 11 (42 MCQs); the ten typed items carry no letter.

The bar list (real things a generated item must never use): "gravity is a force", "gravity pulls", "the force of gravity" (Earth is the puller; gravity names the happening); "zero gravity", "weightless", "no gravity in space", astronauts, the Moon, air-and-gravity talk (the register's induced belief is prevented by wording, never stated); "heavier falls faster" in any form; height and the pull (GRA-09 is a Grade 5 weight topic, not this one); mass against weight; "lift", "leak"; lettered cases; any lesson scene (Amara's airport window with the parked and flying planes, the bag and the seat arm; Avery's video call with her cousin in Australia and the pair of balls; Beatriz's classroom board, desk pencil, window rain and key on a string); any quiz, attached, summary, recall-bank or practice scene (the Michigan boat, Kansas hawk, Denver lamp, Phoenix truck, Atlanta squirrel, Boston book, Seattle cup, Chicago crane, Amara's backpack; the Argentina apple, the Alaska / South Africa balls, the New Zealand anchor, rain over Australia, the four drawn balls, Nebraska's flat ground; Vermont snow, the Wyoming kite, the Oregon leaf, the Ohio swing, the Utah shoe, the apple from a tree, the coin, the spoon; the Ohio kite, the Australian boy's shoe, the eraser; the Utah bicycle, the Peru keys, the Maine pine cone; the Washington pear, the Oregon mug, the stone, the Colorado thrown ball; the Vermont leaf, the Oregon basketball, the rock, the Texas moth, the Iowa picture, the Egypt coin, the right-side ball, the Missouri acorn, the Kansas newspaper, the Indiana stone and class, the Ohio coat on its peg, the button, the Colorado cup); a claim-maker from another topic's row (only Avery and Amara make a bank claim, once each; Beatriz, Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground)'s headache child, makes none).

The eighteen types (fewer would be better; three atoms each need their fact, apply and produce forms, and the capstone needs the evidence-sort, the frame-sentence, the claim-reason and the chained forms)

Type	Items	Atom	Tags	Form	The stem asks…	The options / the accept	Exemplar scene
1	3	001	easy	MCQ, the puller set	which of these pulls the resting or flying thing toward the ground	Earth / the air / the Sun / nothing	an Idaho school bus; a sleeping cat; a hovering drone
2	2	001	easy	MCQ, the when set (ordered)	at which time Earth is pulling on the thing	only while it falls / only while it rests / only while it moves / all the time	a bird on a wire; a thrown tennis ball
3	5	001	easy	MCQ	what holds the resting or flying thing up	four things of the scene (the counter / the air / the lid / nothing …)	a jar; a bird feeder; a bee; a spider; a canoe on a trailer
4	2	001	easy	MCQ, the name set	what Earth's pull on the thing is called	its weight / its push / its speed / its size	a skateboard; a yo-yo
5	2	001	medium	MCQ	what happens when the holder goes; which sentence about the pull on a resting thing is true	four events / four sentences	a bucket's rope breaks; a pot of soup
6	3	002	easy	MCQ, the direction set	which way a dropped thing falls at a named place	toward the ground under his / her feet / toward the North Pole / toward the bottom of a map / off into space	Brazil; Japan; the South Pole
7	2	002	medium	MCQ, drawn globe	which way the drawn ball moves when dropped; which sentence is true of two drawn balls	the four edges-or-center directions / four sentences	a ball on the left; balls on the right and top
8	8	002	easy, medium	MCQ	Earth's shape; the one point every dropped ball falls toward; where down means toward the center; what two balls on opposite sides share; what a curved horizon shows; how two paths compare; which way the top of a standing man's head points; toward which point Earth pulls a rolling rock	four single answers	Chile and China; a pilot over the Pacific; Canada and Argentina; India; a Montana hillside
9	2	003	easy, medium	MCQ	which of four happenings is evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground	four happenings, one with nothing pushing	a Texas backyard; a Tennessee yard
10	1	003	easy	MCQ	what we call something you can see that shows an idea is true	evidence / a guess / a story / a rule	the term
11	1	001	medium	typed	the name of the thing that pulls the bench toward the ground	Earth (article and misspelt forms)	an Oregon park bench
12	4	003	medium	MCQ, the evidence-sentence frame	which sentence uses the observation as evidence; what a hanging line shows	four sentences in one frame, or four directions	a Maryland crayon; Michigan icicles; a Minnesota fishing line; a Virginia lamp chain
13	3	003	medium	MCQ	the correct reason a windy path is poor evidence; what must be true of a falling thing for good evidence	four single statements	an Arkansas paper bag; a Kansas package; the rule itself
14	3	001, 003	hard	MCQ, claim judged by reason	a named child (or a student) is wrong: what is the correct reason	four single-statement reasons	Avery's flying goose; Amara's drifting leaf; a student's plastic bag
15	2	001	hard	typed	the name for Earth's pull on the resting or flying thing	weight (article and child spellings)	a bowling ball on a rack; a gliding seagull
16	4	002	hard	typed	the one word that names the point every dropped thing falls toward	center (centre, middle, article forms)	the bare rule; Kenya and Norway; the drawing; a diver off Hawaii
17	3	003	hard	typed	the word for something you can see that shows an idea is true	evidence (article and child spellings)	a marker's fall; scientists' things; a Delaware class's list
18	2	003	hard	MCQ, two ideas chained	which of two tests is better evidence; what all the world's straight falls show together	four single answers	two students in Nevada; every place on Earth

Hard because — type 14: the claim is judged by holding the always-true rule or the evidence rule against the case, and the right reason is picked from four. Types 15–17: the term is produced, not picked. Type 18: two observations held against the rule's two conditions; the evidence rule and what down means everywhere chained.

One exemplar per type, in full

Type 1 (easy, FOR5-001). A school bus is parked outside a school in Idaho. Which of these pulls the bus toward the ground? — the air / the Sun / nothing / Earth. Why: Earth pulls on every object all the time, whether the object is falling, resting or flying. The bus is resting on the ground. So Earth pulls the bus toward the ground. (nearest lesson-side instance: Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 1, the Michigan boat, yes / no — here the puller is picked from four)

Type 2 (easy, FOR5-001). A bird sits on a wire in Louisiana. At which time is Earth pulling on the bird? — only while it falls / only while it rests / only while it moves / all the time. (nearest: Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 4, Beatriz's landed ball, a claim)

Type 3 (easy, FOR5-001). A jar rests on a counter in a kitchen in Minnesota. What holds the jar up? — the air / the counter / the lid / nothing. (nearest: Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 3, the Denver lamp, three options)

Type 4 (easy, FOR5-001). A skateboard rests on a garage floor in Colorado. What is Earth's pull on the skateboard called? — its push / its weight / its speed / its size. (nearest: Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 7, the Boston book, three options)

Type 5 (medium, FOR5-001). A rope holds a bucket still over a well in Kentucky, and then the rope breaks. What happens to the bucket? — The bucket stays where it is. / The bucket falls down the well. / The bucket rises out of the well. / The bucket swings sideways. (nearest: Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 9, the Seattle cup and tray)

Type 6 (easy, FOR5-002). A boy in Brazil drops his hat. Which way does the hat fall? — toward the North Pole / off into space / toward the ground under his feet / toward the bottom of a map. (nearest: Lesson 2 (Down means toward Earth's center), question 1, the Argentina apple, three options)

Type 7 (medium, FOR5-002, figure pp_globe_left). Here is a drawing of the whole Earth with a ball on its left side. Which way does the ball move when it is dropped? — toward the left edge of the drawing / toward the top edge of the drawing / toward the center of the drawing / toward the bottom edge of the drawing. Blind text: a blue and green circle for the whole Earth; one small red ball touching the circle on the left side; no arrows are drawn and nothing is marked inside the circle. (nearest: Lesson 2 (Down means toward Earth's center), question 2, the ball at the bottom)

Type 8 (medium, FOR5-002). A man in India stands up straight. Which way does the top of his head point? — toward Earth's center / away from Earth's center / toward the North Pole / toward the bottom of a map. (nearest: Lesson 2 (Down means toward Earth's center), question 4, Amara's upside-down claim — here the standing body is read the other way)

Type 9 (easy, FOR5-003). Four things happen in a backyard in Texas. Which one is evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground? — A dropped book falls straight to the ground. / A balloon drifts up to the roof. / A towel flaps sideways in the wind. / A hat is blown up off a head by the wind. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 7, the apple on a still day, three options)

Type 10 (easy, FOR5-003). What do we call something you can see that shows an idea is true? — a guess / a story / evidence / a rule. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 9)

Type 11 (medium, FOR5-001, typed). A bench sits in a park in Oregon. Type the name of the thing that pulls the bench toward the ground. — accept: earth, the earth, planet earth, the planet earth, the planet, erth, the erth. Wrong-answer lines: "gravity" (Gravity is the name for the happening. The thing that pulls the bench is Earth.); "the ground" (The ground pushes up on the bench and holds it up. The thing that pulls the bench down is Earth.). (nearest: no lesson item types this; Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time)'s recall-bank item picks it)

Type 12 (medium, FOR5-003). A student in Maryland watches a crayon fall straight off a table onto the floor, and nothing pushes it. Which sentence uses this as evidence? — The crayon fell straight toward the ground, so the table pushed it off. / The crayon fell straight toward the ground, so Earth's pull on it points sideways. / The crayon fell straight toward the ground, so Earth's pull on it points toward the ground. / The crayon fell straight toward the ground, so the air pushed it down. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 6, the Utah shoe's finish-the-sentence step)

Type 13 (medium, FOR5-003). What must be true about a falling thing for its fall to be good evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground? — Nothing else pushes or pulls the thing as it falls. / The thing must be heavy enough to feel. / The thing must fall fast enough to see. / The thing must fall outdoors, not inside. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 2, the Wyoming kite, yes / no)

Type 14 (hard, FOR5-001). Avery is wrong when she says Earth is not pulling on a goose while it flies. What is the correct reason? — Earth pulls on every object all the time, flying ones too. / A goose is too high up for Earth to pull on it. / The air pulls the goose instead of Earth. / Earth pulls only on things that touch the ground. Hard because the claim is judged by holding the always-true rule against the flying case, and the right reason is picked from four. (nearest: Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 2, the Kansas hawk, yes / no)

Type 15 (hard, FOR5-001, typed). A bowling ball rests on a rack in a bowling alley in Texas. Type the name for Earth's pull on the ball. — accept: weight, its weight, the weight, wieght, its wieght, the wieght, waight, wait, weght, weigth. Wrong-answer lines: "gravity" (Gravity is the name for the happening. The pull itself, Earth's pull on the ball, is called the ball's weight.); "mass" (Mass is how much stuff is in the ball. Earth's pull on the ball is called its weight.). (nearest: Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 7 picks it; PR-12 picks it)

Type 16 (hard, FOR5-002, typed). A girl in Kenya drops a stone, and a boy in Norway drops a stone. Both stones fall toward the same point inside the Earth. Type the one word that names that point: Earth's ___. — accept: center, centre, the center, the centre, middle, the middle, senter, centr, centar, center of the earth, the center of the earth, middle of the earth. Wrong-answer line: "ground" (Each stone falls toward the ground under the dropper's feet. The one point both grounds are toward is Earth's center.). (nearest: Lesson 2 (Down means toward Earth's center), question 9 picks the sentence)

Type 17 (hard, FOR5-003, typed). Scientists use things they can see to show that an idea is true. Type the word for those things. — accept: evidence, the evidence, evidense, evidance, evidince, evedence, evidenc, evidences. Wrong-answer lines: "proof" (Proof is a close word. In science, the word is evidence: something you can see that shows an idea is true.); "facts" (Facts are things that are true. The things you can see that show an idea is true are called evidence.). (nearest: Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 10, the spoon, typed on a scene — here from the definition alone)

Type 18 (hard, FOR5-003). Two students in Nevada test the idea that Earth's pull points toward the ground. One drops a stone on a still day. The other drops a feather on a windy day. Which test is better evidence? — the feather dropped on a windy day / the stone, but only if it is dropped from high up / the stone dropped on a still day / the feather, but only if it is dropped from high up. Hard because two observations are held against the rule's two conditions and compared. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 7 / q8 pick one observation from three)

Draw constraints (⟂) and give-aways read across the bank

• PP-18 ("in every place on Earth") ⟂ PP-52 ("Earth's pull points toward Earth's center from every place"): the first states the universality the second asks the student to conclude; never drawn in one test.
• PP-17 ("the center of the Earth", picked) ⟂ PP-42–45 (center typed): a picked key is a typed key's answer printed on the page; draw at most one of the five in a test.
• PP-20 (evidence picked) ⟂ PP-46–48 (evidence typed): as above.
• PP-36 (the rule: nothing else pushes or pulls) ⟂ PP-32, PP-35, PP-49, PP-51 (the windy cases): the rule item states the deciding condition every windy item applies; one per test.
• No item letters a drawing; the two drawn-globe items name the ball by position (left; right and top) and their blind text lists positions as data.
• Order items: none. Multi-select: none (no answer in this topic is genuinely a set).

The design-move inventory (one line per bank item: the move · the scene kind · the nearest earlier item)

Item	Move	Scene kind	Nearest earlier
PP-1–3	pick the puller of a resting / flying thing	a parked bus; a sleeping cat; a hovering drone	Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 1 (yes / no form)
PP-4–5	pick when Earth pulls	a bird on a wire; a thrown ball	Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 4 (claim form)
PP-6–10	pick what holds it up	a jar; a feeder on a branch; a bee; a spider on a thread; a canoe on a trailer	Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 3, q5, q10 (three options)
PP-11–12	pick the name of the pull	a skateboard; a yo-yo	Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 7
PP-13–15	pick the direction of a fall at a place	Brazil; Japan; the South Pole	Lesson 2 (Down means toward Earth's center), question 1
PP-16–18	pick Earth's shape; the one point; where down is toward the center	the shape; the point; the places	Lesson 2 (Down means toward Earth's center), question 9
PP-19	pick the one evidence happening of four	a Texas backyard	Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 7
PP-20	pick the term	the definition	Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 9
PP-21–22	apply the holder-away test; judge a sentence about a resting thing	a well's rope breaks; a pot on a stove	Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 9
PP-23	type the puller	a park bench	RECALL_BANK item 1 (Grade 3)
PP-24–25	read a drawn globe	a ball on the left; balls on the right and top	Lesson 2 (Down means toward Earth's center), question 2
PP-26–30	apply the center rule: two far-apart places; a curved horizon; two paths compared; a standing head; a rolling rock	Chile and China; a pilot; Canada and Argentina; India; Montana	Lesson 2 (Down means toward Earth's center), question 3, q5, q8
PP-31	pick the evidence sentence	a crayon	Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 6
PP-32	pick the reason a windy path is poor evidence	an Arkansas paper bag	Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 3
PP-33	pick the one evidence happening of four	a Tennessee yard	Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 7 (second scene kind: a yard with animals)
PP-34	read a hanging line as evidence	Michigan icicles	Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 4 (chains)
PP-35	judge a wind-carried fall as evidence	a Kansas package	Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 2
PP-36	state the condition of good evidence	the rule	— (the criterion sentence)
PP-37	read a hanging line's direction	a Minnesota fishing line	Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 4
PP-38	pick the evidence sentence	a Virginia lamp chain	PP-31 (shared move, scene kind differs: hanging, not falling; draw one per test)
PP-39	judge a claim about a flying thing by its reason	Avery's goose	Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 2
PP-40–41	type weight	a bowling ball; a seagull	Lesson 1 (Earth pulls on everything, all the time), question 7
PP-42–45	type center	the rule; Kenya and Norway; the drawing; a diver	Lesson 2 (Down means toward Earth's center), question 9
PP-46–48	type evidence	a marker; scientists; a Delaware class	Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 10
PP-49	judge a claim about a windy path by its reason	Amara's leaf	Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 3
PP-50	compare two tests against the rule's conditions	two students in Nevada	—
PP-51	judge a claim about a blown-up thing by its reason	a student's plastic bag	Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 2
PP-52	chain the evidence rule with what down means everywhere	every place on Earth	Lesson 2 (Down means toward Earth's center), question 3 + Lesson 3 (Evidence that Earth's pull points toward the ground), question 7

Draw constraints (⟂) from the blind read of 8 October 2026 — never two of a pair on one test

One item's stem, key or option text states a fact another item tests, so a test draws one of each pair (the bank has no order; a constraint, not a reorder):

• PP-01 / PP-02 / PP-03 (the puller set offers "Earth") ⟂ PP-23 (types "Earth").
• PP-11 / PP-12 (the name set offers "its weight") ⟂ PP-40 / PP-41 (type "weight").
• PP-17 / PP-18 (the key names "the center of the Earth" / "toward Earth's center") ⟂ PP-42 / PP-43 / PP-44 / PP-45 (type "center"); and PP-42–45 among themselves: draw ONE.
• PP-20 (offers "evidence") ⟂ PP-46 / PP-47 / PP-48 (type "evidence"); and PP-46–48 among themselves: draw ONE.