Topic 10 · How to tell that a new substance has formed — the question types, for your rulings

Skill: course-build → write-mcqs → write-explanation, design-check-sequence @ cca3af6

Topic 10 — How to tell that a new substance has formed — the PP100's question types, with their exemplars

What this page is. James reads a bank as its question TYPES first (vault: A bank is reviewed as its question types first, one exemplar each). Under the Grade 5 standing brief the bank is built straight away (52 items in content/G5T10_pp100_bank.py); this sheet is the way in. Each type line says what the stem asks and what the options (or the accept list) are, and prints one exemplar in full. Tags follow depth of reasoning — easy = a one-step pick (which sign, which mixing, faster or slower); medium = the rule applied to a fresh case, a reason picked, a four-row table read, a word produced; hard = a claim judged by its correct reason, two ideas chained, a set answer, the boundary judged, the verdict word produced — and rise with the atom's order: MAT5-040 (the signs) eleven easy, five medium, two hard; MAT5-041 (new substance or just a mixture, the capstone) six easy, six medium, five hard; MAT5-042 (warmth changes the pace) six easy, five medium, six hard. Every hard item carries a one-line "hard because" (hb) in the bank file.

Rulings already applied. Four options on every MCQ (fixed sets: the four signs "a gas is made / a color change that stays / a new solid appears / warmer or colder by itself", whose key moves; the pace set "faster / slower / at the same pace / not at all"); no option bundles a verdict with its reason (both bank claims are "X is wrong. What is the correct reason?" with four single-statement reasons; no tier-2 exception used); every stem is a positive question of at most two sentences unless tagged hard; drawn tables carry four places' readings as data and the blind text lists the cells, never the verdict; "substance" is recalled by MCQ (RECALL_BY_MCQ: nine letters); the typed keys are "gas", "mixture", "faster" and "slower" (one word each, inside the rule sentences, child spellings in the accept lists); two multi-selects, where the answer is genuinely a set; every item names ONE atom; US spelling; units as words in prose, numerals on drawings. MCQ keys A 11 · B 14 · C 10 · D 8. KEY TELLS: 0 of 97 MCQs flagged.

The bar list (things a generated item must never use): "chemical change", "chemical reaction" (held for grades 6-8 by the register's cross notes; a question for James is open); "heat is given off" (say "the mix gets warmer by itself"); any particle-motion explanation of pace; "gravity", "leak", "lift", "snap"; any lesson scene (the tray of cups; baking soda and vinegar; the brown drop on a cracker; bath-salt water and the cleaning-powder water; the hand warmer; Kaia's salt; Kieran's dough, the windowsill and the fridge bowls; sugar in cold and warm water; the wet towel); any quiz, attached, summary, practice or recall-bank scene (cleaning powder in a bucket, yellow solid from two clear liquids, silver spoon in egg, plaster powder, boiling pan, fizzing tablet, heat pack; sand in a bucket, a white powder that heats a cup, red food coloring, sugar in tea or lemonade, steel wool in lemon juice, two drawn cups, white powder dissolving, salt in soup; apple slices, wall paint, ice cubes, fizzing powder in two waters, hard candy, sour milk, model glue, towels on two days, yeast drink; white powder bubbling in water, pepper in water, bath bomb; chalk and vinegar, salt in soup, banana; copper roof, peanuts and chocolate chips, drink powder, yeast and balloon, spoon in soup, cocoa in milk, white spot on blue cloth, muddy boots, clay model, yogurt; iron gate, birthday candle, cereal and raisins, paper clips and beads, sugar in a glass); a claim-maker from another topic's row (only Jude, Kaia and Kieran); a non-US animal or place; "biggest / smallest" for an amount.

The eleven types

Type	Items	Atom	Tags	Form	The stem asks…	The options / the accept	Exemplar scenes
1	7	040	easy	MCQ, the four-sign set	a described mixing: which sign is this	a gas is made / a color change that stays / a new solid appears / warmer or colder by itself	a penny turning a liquid blue; a gray powder foaming; cement warming a bucket; an ice pack going cold
2	4	040	easy	MCQ	which of four happenings is a sign (three are the taught near misses: drying, melting, boiling, a sun-warmed cup, a wet look, a color a substance already had)	four happenings	a fizzing powder among a drying puddle, melting snow and cut paper
3	4	040	medium → hard	MCQ	why bubbles count as a sign; which happening is a mix warming BY ITSELF; which test shows the bubbles are a new gas; the claim's correct reason (hard)	four reasons / four happenings / four tests	a toilet-cleaning tablet; a packet of two powders; lemon juice on eggshell (Kaia's claim)
4	3	040	medium → hard	typed and one multi	the one word for what is being made when bubbles rush up with nothing heating the cup; the TWO signs in one scene (multi, hard)	gas, with child spellings / the four-sign set	a corked bottle whose cork pops out; a gray powder that fizzes and goes cold
5	6	041	easy	MCQ	four things mixed into four containers, each with its happening: which mixing made a new substance	four "thing, which happening" phrases in one frame	flour, rice, pebbles and a fizzing powder in water; oil, gravel, salt and a flake-making liquid
6	6	041	medium	MCQ	what the mixed thing is now / what the container holds / which sentence is true after a described mixing	four states: still itself in a mixture / a new substance / gone / turned into the liquid	cinnamon in applesauce; lime juice in milk; oil shaken with water; Kaia's white powder
7	4	041	hard	MCQ and typed	the claim's correct reason (the dissolving trap); which of two happenings in one scene is the sign; the one word for what a sign-free mixing leaves (typed)	four reasons / four happenings / mixture, with child spellings	Jude's powdered milk; a gray powder that dissolves AND cools the cup; gravel in water; beans and rice
8	1	041	hard	multi	the TWO mixings of four that made a new substance	four "thing, which happening" phrases	flour, a pink fizzing powder, a hot gray chip, honey
9	6	042	easy	MCQ, the pace set	a named change and a temperature that rises or falls: how does the change go now	faster / slower / at the same pace / not at all	cookies in a hotter oven; bread going stale on a cold day; a cough drop in cold water; a tomato in a warm kitchen
10	4	042	medium	MCQ, drawn four-row table	four places with their times: where did the change happen fastest / slowest	the four places	wet nails in four places; glue on four shelves; puddles on four days; wet socks in four places
11	7	042	medium → hard	typed and MCQ	the pace word produced from a temperature that rises or falls (typed, hard); the place that slows a new-substance change the most; the sentence true of BOTH kinds of change; one object drying and rusting at once	faster / slower, with child spellings; four places; four sentences	icing setting in a cooling kitchen; a bolt moved to a warm shed; a snowman under clouds; fresh orange juice; a cut pear; a wet shovel

Hard because — type 3: a documented belief judged by its correct reason among three wrong reasons. Type 4: a set of two signs. Type 7: the dissolving trap judged by its reason; two happenings sorted into sign and not-sign; the verdict word produced. Type 8: a set of two mixings. Type 11: the pace word produced from a described temperature change; two ideas chained (a browning is a change; the coldest place slows it most); two kinds of change under one rule; two changes on one object.

⟂ draw constraints (never two on one test): PP-24 ⟂ PP-26 ⟂ PP-40 (the match test and the "new gas, not air" reasoning on three fizzes); PP-27 ⟂ PP-28 (the two typed "gas" items); PP-44 ⟂ PP-45 (the two typed "mixture" items); PP-47 ⟂ PP-48 ⟂ PP-49 (the three typed pace words); PP-41 ⟂ PP-43 (a gray powder that fizzes / dissolves and cools the cup); PP-39 ⟂ PP-51 (the coldest place slows a new-substance change: juice, then a pear); PP-35 / PP-36 / PP-37 / PP-38 (the four-row tables: two per test at most).

One exemplar per type, in full

Type 1 (easy, MAT5-040). A copper penny is dropped into a cup of clear liquid, and the liquid turns blue and stays blue. Which sign is this? — a gas is made / a color change that stays / a new solid appears / warmer or colder by itself. Why: The liquid was clear, and the penny was copper-colored. The liquid turns blue, and the blue stays. That is the sign: a color change that stays. (nearest lesson-side instance: Lesson 1 (The signs that a new substance has formed), question 3, the silver spoon in egg — same set, a different substance pair)

Type 2 (easy, MAT5-040). Which of these is a sign that a new substance formed? — a puddle dries up in the sun / a cup fizzes when a powder meets a liquid / snow melts in a warm room / a sheet of paper is cut in two. Why: Bubbles rush up where there were none before: a gas is made. Drying, melting and cutting keep the same substance. So the fizzing cup is the sign. (nearest: Lesson 1 (The signs that a new substance has formed), question 5 / q6, the yes / no near misses — here the near misses are the distractors)

Type 3 (medium, MAT5-040). A cleaning tablet is dropped into a toilet bowl, and bubbles rush up with nothing heating the water. Why do the bubbles count as a sign? — A gas that was not there before is being made. / The water is turning to gas as it warms. / Air trapped in the tablet is getting out. / Water always bubbles when something drops in. Why: Nothing heats the water, so the bubbles are not water turning to gas. The dry tablet holds no bubbles, so they are not trapped air. So a gas that was not there before is being made: a sign. (nearest: Lesson 1 (The signs that a new substance has formed), question 8, Kieran's fizzing tablet claim, bare yes / no)

Type 4 (medium, MAT5-040, typed). Bubbles rush up in a cup where there were none before, and nothing is heating the cup. Type the one word for what is being made. — accept gas / a gas / the gas / gases / gass; wrong_fb for bubbles, air, foam, steam. Why: Bubbles rush up where there were none before, with nothing heating the cup. So a gas that was not there before is being made. The one word is gas. (nearest: Lesson 1 (The signs that a new substance has formed) attached question, the white powder in water — recognition there, production here)

Type 5 (easy, MAT5-041). Four things are stirred into four cups of water. Which mixing made a new substance? — flour, which turns the water cloudy / rice, which sinks in the water / a powder, which fizzes in the water / pebbles, which rattle in the water. Why: Fizzing means a gas is made: a sign. Flour, rice and pebbles show no sign, so each is still itself. So the fizzing powder made a new substance. (nearest: Lesson 2 (New substance, or just a mixture?), question 1 to q6, one case per item with yes / no — here four cases in one item)

Type 6 (medium, MAT5-041). Ground cinnamon is stirred into a bowl of applesauce and spreads through it with no sign. What is the cinnamon now? — cinnamon, in a mixture / a brand-new substance / gone from the bowl / part of the applesauce. Why: No sign appeared. No sign means each substance is still itself. So the cinnamon is still cinnamon, spread through the applesauce, in a mixture. (nearest: Lesson 2 (New substance, or just a mixture?), question 10, the salt in soup true-sentence item)

Type 7 (hard, MAT5-041). Jude stirs powdered milk into water until it cannot be seen. He says a new substance formed because the powder disappeared. Jude is wrong. What is the correct reason? — The powder is still itself, spread through the water. / The powder has turned into water as it spread. / The powder is gone for good from the glass. / The powder has become a gas and floated away. Why: The powder dissolved: it spread through the water in pieces too small to see. A dissolved substance is still itself, and dissolving is not a sign. So no new substance formed. Hard because: a documented belief (SD-3 belief 2, the dissolving trap) judged by its correct reason. (nearest: Lesson 2 (New substance, or just a mixture?), question 7, Kieran's sugar in lemonade, bare yes / no)

Type 8 (hard, MAT5-041, multi). Four things are mixed into four cups of water. Select the TWO mixings that made a new substance. — flour, which spreads through and makes the water cloudy white / a powder, which fizzes and turns the water pink, and the pink stays / a gray chip, which makes the cup hot by itself / honey, which sinks and then spreads through. Why: Fizzing and a color change that stays are signs, and a cup hot by itself is a sign. Flour and honey spread through the water and show no sign. So the fizzing pink powder and the hot gray chip made a new substance.

Type 9 (easy, MAT5-042). Cookies are baking, and the oven is turned up hotter. How do the cookies turn brown now? — faster / slower / at the same pace / not at all. Why: When the temperature rises, a change happens faster. The oven's temperature rose. So the cookies turn brown faster. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Warmth changes the pace of a change), question 8, the yeast drink in a cooling room, three options)

Type 10 (medium, MAT5-042, drawn). [pp_nails_table: four rows — the cold shed 11 days; the cool porch 8 days; the warm kitchen 4 days; the hot attic 2 days] Four wet iron nails are left in four places, and here is how many days passed before red-brown flakes showed on each. Where did the flakes show first? — the cold shed / the cool porch / the warm kitchen / the hot attic. Why: The hot attic is the highest temperature of the four. When the temperature rises, a change happens faster. So the flakes showed first in the hot attic, after 2 days. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Warmth changes the pace of a change), question 4, the fizzing powder in two waters — two rows there, four here)

Type 11 (hard, MAT5-042, typed). A wet iron bolt is moved from a cold garage to a warm shed. Type the one word for how the pace of its rusting changes. — accept faster / quicker / more quickly / speeds up; wrong_fb for slower, same, warmer, quick. Why: When the temperature rises, a change happens faster. The warm shed is the higher temperature. The one word is faster. Hard because: the student produces the pace word from a temperature that rises. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Warmth changes the pace of a change), question 7, Jude's model glue — a place picked there, the word produced here)

The design-move inventory (one line per item: the move, the scene kind, the nearest earlier item)

#	d	Atom	Move	Scene kind	Nearest earlier
1–7	easy	040	name the sign from a described mixing (fixed set)	penny → blue liquid; gray powder foams; two clear liquids → orange solid; cement warms; scissors rust; ice pack cools; stain fizzes	Lesson 1 (The signs that a new substance has formed), question 1 to q4 (set, different substances)
8–11	easy	040	pick the one sign among three taught near misses	fizz vs drying / melting / cutting; flakes vs wet look / boiling / melting; self-heating vs sun / cooling / cooler; pink spot vs coffee / wet shirt / crayon	Lesson 1 (The signs that a new substance has formed), question 5 to q7 (near misses as yes / no)
24	medium	040	pick the reason bubbles are a sign	toilet-cleaning tablet	Lesson 1 (The signs that a new substance has formed), question 8 (claim)
25	medium	040	pick the one mix that warms BY ITSELF	two powders in a packet vs sun / pasta / sidewalk	Lesson 1 (The signs that a new substance has formed), question 7 (heat pack yes / no)
26	medium	040	pick the test that tells a new gas from air	a powder and a liquid, a burning match	Lesson 1 (The signs that a new substance has formed) article (the match test) — the taught test applied to a fresh cup
27–28	medium	040	produce "gas"	bubbles with no heating; a popping cork	Lesson 1 (The signs that a new substance has formed) attached (recognition)
40	hard	040	claim's correct reason (belief 1)	lemon juice on eggshell	Lesson 1 (The signs that a new substance has formed), question 8 (yes / no)
41	hard	040	the TWO signs in one scene	gray powder fizzes and cools	Lesson 1 (The signs that a new substance has formed) closing return (two signs on the cup)
12–17	easy	041	pick the one mixing with a sign from four	fizzing powder; flake-making liquid; black stain; heating powder; bubbling green powder; fizzing cold chips	Lesson 2 (New substance, or just a mixture?), question 1 to q6
29–34	medium	041	say what the mixed thing is now / what is true	cinnamon in applesauce; lime juice in milk; oil and water; fizzing white powder; salt and sand; Kaia's white powder	Lesson 2 (New substance, or just a mixture?), question 9 / q10
42	hard	041	claim's correct reason (belief 2)	Jude's powdered milk	Lesson 2 (New substance, or just a mixture?), question 7
43	hard	041	sort two happenings in one scene into sign / not sign	gray powder dissolves AND cools the cup	Lesson 2 (New substance, or just a mixture?) article (dissolving is not a sign)
44–45	hard	041	produce "mixture"	gravel in water; beans and rice	Lesson 2 (New substance, or just a mixture?), question 9 (recognition)
46	hard	041	the TWO mixings with a sign	flour, pink fizz, hot chip, honey	type 5 items (one keyed)
18–23	easy	042	pace from a temperature change (fixed set)	cookies; stale bread; drying mud; rusting chain; cough drop; tomato	Lesson 3 (Warmth changes the pace of a change), question 8
35–38	medium	042	read a four-row table for fastest / slowest	nails; glue; puddles; socks	Lesson 3 (Warmth changes the pace of a change), question 4 (two rows)
39	medium	042	the place that slows a new-substance change most, from four	fresh orange juice	Lesson 3 (Warmth changes the pace of a change), question 6 (two places)
47–49	hard	042	produce "slower" / "faster"	icing in a cooling kitchen; a bolt to a warm shed; a snowman under clouds	Lesson 3 (Warmth changes the pace of a change), question 7 (place picked)
50	hard	042	the sentence true of BOTH kinds of change	rusting and drying named in the why	Lesson 3 (Warmth changes the pace of a change) article (the pattern line)
51	hard	042	chain: browning is a change, coldest place slows it most	a cut pear	Lesson 3 (Warmth changes the pace of a change), question 6
52	hard	042	two changes on one object under one rule	a wet shovel drying and rusting	Lesson 3 (Warmth changes the pace of a change) article (both kinds)

Adjudication (8 Oct 2026)

Both cold readers agreed every key (98 items). Text-only changes, no key letter moved: PP-5 now frames rust as a new solid ("red-brown flakes cover the blades"; the key stays B, the option order moved so "a new solid appears" sits at B), matching PP-35's red-brown flakes; PP-24's correct option is reworded ("The tablet and the water together made a gas.") so it no longer states PP-40's reason; PP-46's pink powder is named white so its pink is a colour nothing added had (the dye boundary Lesson 2 (New substance, or just a mixture?) now teaches on red food coloring, with Lesson 2 (New substance, or just a mixture?), question 4 re-scened to blue ink); PP-48 accepts fast / quick / it goes faster, PP-47 and PP-49 accept slow / it goes slower; PP-44 and PP-45 keep the one-word ask and steer "mixed" to "mixture" in a wrong_fb. The ⟂ line above already holds PP-24 ⟂ PP-40, PP-27 ⟂ PP-28, PP-44 ⟂ PP-45 and PP-47 ⟂ PP-49 (inside the triple).