Topic 29 · Who pulls through when a place changes — the question types, for your rulings

Skill: course-build → write-mcqs → write-explanation, design-check-sequence @ cca3af6 · v2 (8 Oct 2026): the non-author review's changes applied (review-questions @ cca3af6) — see the v2 note at the foot

Topic 29 — Who pulls through when a place changes — the PP100's question types, with their exemplars

What this page is. James reads a bank as its question TYPES first (vault: A bank is reviewed as its question types first, one exemplar each). Under the Grade 5 standing brief the bank is built straight away (52 items in content/G5T29_pp100_bank.py); this sheet is the way in. Each type line says what the stem asks, what the four options (or the accept list) are, and prints one exemplar in full. Tags follow depth of reasoning — easy = one fact or a one-step sort; medium = the rule applied to a fresh case, a reason picked, a table read and a step taken; hard = a term produced, a claim judged by its correct reason, two ideas chained, the deciding difference picked from two, the evidence that would settle a claim — and rise with the atom's order: LIF5-040 (same place, different structures) ten easy, three medium; LIF5-034 (behaviors that raise the chance of survival) six easy, three medium, four hard (typed); LIF5-041 (predict who pulls through) three easy, seven medium, three hard; LIF5-042 (why those individuals pull through, the capstone) one easy, six medium, six hard. Every hard item carries a one-line "hard because" (hb) in the bank file.

Rulings already applied. Four options on every MCQ (fixed sets: the term set "a structure / a behavior / an instinct / a kind"; Grade 3's four jobs "getting food / staying safe / keeping warm or cool / moving about where it lives"; the behavior set "hunting at night / migrating / hibernating / huddling"; the kind-of-behavior set "an instinct / a learned behavior / a structure / a change in the place" — all declared in KEY_TELL_EXEMPT_SETS; the who-pulls-through items end "about the same / none of them"); no option bundles a verdict with its reason (every bank claim is "X says … X is wrong. What is the correct reason?" with four single-statement reasons; James's 8 Oct four-option verdict-and-reason form is NOT used, so no exception is named); every stem is one or two sentences unless tagged hard (S23 0 FAIL); the typed keys are "instinct" (twice, the kind of behavior TEKS 5.13B names), "migrate" and "huddle" (the behaviors inside Lesson 2 (Behaviors that raise an animal's chance of survival)'s rule line), one word each, with article, child-spelling and verb-form variants accepted — "instinct" is Grade 4 Topic 36's term recalled in Lesson 2 (Behaviors that raise an animal's chance of survival) and is closed by the author's note, not the lexicon; "structure", this topic's one coined term, is nine letters and is recalled by MCQ (RECALL_BY_MCQ), never typed; one multi-select (type 17), where the answer is genuinely a set; every item names ONE atom; US spelling; units as words; numerals only on the two drawn tables. MCQ keys A 14 · B 16 · C 10 · D 7 (47 MCQs); the four typed items and the multi carry no letter.

The bar list (real things a generated item must never use): "natural selection", "evolve", "evolution", "adapt" or "adapted" as a verb for an individual, "selected", "survival of the fittest", anything about the survivors' young or passing a feature on (grades 6-8's); "gravity"; "leak", "lift", "snap"; lettered cases; any lesson scene (Farah's desert trail near Tucson with the saguaro, the Gila monster and the jackrabbit; Gus's campsite and the kit fox, the Canada geese on a Minnesota lake, the Pennsylvania groundhog, the Texas bobwhite quail, the Montana bear cub; Hana's grandma's farm in Minnesota, the six red foxes, the cottontail rabbits and the coyote in Kansas); any attached, summary, recall-bank, practice or quiz scene (the Oregon beaver and heron, the Ohio monarch, the Georgia tadpoles and heron, the Georgia beetles and fire; the Texas sea turtle and pelican, the Vermont chipmunk, the Iowa barn owl and mice; the owl's silent feathers, the Utah thick stem, the kitten and string, the Michigan robin, the five kittens, the two sisters' hair, the Iowa flooded meadow, the musk ox's coat; the Georgia woodpecker, the spider's web, the four puppies, the California sea otter and sea star, the Tennessee hummingbird, the Nebraska tree hole, the Louisiana frogs, the Michigan beetle wings, the Arizona crickets on dark soil, the Kansas sunflowers' roots, the Nevada lizard's scales, the giraffe's neck; the Kansas prairie dog / bison / pronghorn, the Nebraska prairie grass, the Alaska musk ox in a Florida summer, the wolf's fur, the Florida pelican and crab; the Indiana bat, the Colorado hummingbirds, the Michigan deer mice, the Texas bobcat, the Virginia fawn, the Washington sea otter and clams; the Ohio sparrows' beaks, the Wisconsin deer in snow, the Texas lizards and soot, the Idaho trout's spots, the New Mexico cactus skin, the Utah hares, the Vermont bees; the Oregon moths and soot, the Maine snails and crabs, the salty Florida lake); a claim-maker from another topic's row (only Farah and Gus make a bank claim, once each; Hana, Lesson 4 (Why those individuals pull through)'s headache child, makes none).

The eighteen types (fewer would be better; four atoms each need their fact, apply and produce forms, and the capstone needs the before-the-change, the why, the claim-reason, the set and the evidence forms)

Type	Items	Atom	Tags	Form	The stem asks…	The options / the accept	Exemplar scene
1	8	040	easy, medium	MCQ (four structures, or the jobs set)	which structure of the named kind does the stated job here; or which job a named structure does	four structures of the same animal or plant, or the four jobs	a Colorado mountain goat; a Louisiana alligator; an Alaska walrus; a Florida water lily; a bald eagle; a Texas horned lizard; a Massachusetts clam; a Maine snowshoe hare
2	2	040	easy, medium	MCQ, four sentences	which sentence is true of two kinds in one place	different structures / the same structure / only one has a structure / neither needs one	a goat and a pika; a cattail and a water lily
3	3	040, 041	easy	MCQ, the term set; or four things; the second term set	what a body part is called; which of four things is a structure; what one single living thing of a kind is called	a structure / a behavior / an instinct / a kind; a shell, swimming, sleeping all winter, the pond; an individual / a kind / a structure / an offspring	a clam's shell; a Michigan pond turtle; one prairie chicken out of twenty (Nebraska)
4	1	040	medium	MCQ, four sentences	what the same structure would do in a different named place	four sentences about the fur in a hot place	a polar bear's fur in a Florida summer
5	5	034	easy	MCQ, four outcomes	how a described behavior raises the chance of survival; which behavior keeps an animal out of the heat	four outcomes (the one the behavior brings, three it does not)	Wyoming elk; a Missouri box turtle; Wisconsin honeybees; a Nevada kangaroo rat in its burrow by day; the behavior set (one-step pick, retagged easy)
6	2	034	easy	MCQ, the behavior set	which word names the described behavior	hunting at night / migrating / hibernating / huddling	the elk's walk down the mountain; an Arizona rattlesnake
7	2	034	medium	MCQ, the kind set	what kind of behavior the described one is, the deciding evidence in the stem	an instinct / a learned behavior / a structure / a change in the place	an Ohio raccoon and the trash can lid; Alaska salmon swimming to the sea
8	4	034	hard	typed	the word for a behavior an animal is born knowing; the word for traveling to another place with the season and back; the word for pressing together to stay warm	instinct (article and child-spelling forms); migrate (its verb forms, migration); huddle (its verb forms)	a baby alligator's call; a moth at a porch light; gray whales; Chicago pigeons
9	7	041	easy, medium	MCQ, two versions + about the same / none of them	which individuals are more likely to pull through the described change	the two versions, "about the same", "none of them"	Montana mice on pale dirt; Colorado pines and a grass fire; Oregon clams and a digging gull; Alabama turtles in salty water (about the same); Washington wildflowers and a May frost; Arkansas crayfish and floods; Tennessee salamanders in a dry summer
10	2	041	medium	MCQ, the same set	the same kind, a second change: which version suits now	the two coat versions + the two fixed tails	Texas goats in a far hotter summer, then a far colder winter
11	2	041, 042	medium	MCQ, a drawn table	which version suited the change, read from before-and-after counts; which sentence the counts show (the share of each version that pulled through)	long legs / short legs / both equally / neither; a bigger share of the thick-furred / every thick-furred / the winter gave thick fur / the same share	Missouri beetles counted round two years of floods; Vermont voles counted in fall and spring
12	3	041	hard	MCQ	which change would suit the pale version; which of two described differences decides who pulls through; two differences described, which individuals pull through	four changes; two differences / both / neither; the four versions	Nevada lizards; Michigan deer with longer legs or longer ears; Arizona lizards dark or pale, long- or short-legged
13	2	042	easy, medium	MCQ	when the surviving individuals had their version of the feature; what was true of them before the change	before the change too / only after it began / only after seeing others / only after it ended	Oklahoma frogs when a stream dried; Michigan pond insects when the pond froze
14	3	042	medium, hard	MCQ, four single reasons	why the surviving individuals pulled through; the correct reason, against a student's claim	four single-statement reasons	Utah snakes on fire-blackened rock; Maryland bay crabs in warmer water; Oregon mussels and sea stars (a student's claim, hard)
15	3	042	easy, medium, hard	MCQ, four sentences	which sentence is true about what the change did / where the version came from / the dark ones before the fire	four sentences, three of them the register's belief in different words	Vermont chickadees; the bare rule; Oklahoma grasshoppers after a wildfire (hard)
16	2	042	hard	MCQ, claim judged by reason	a named child is wrong to say the individuals changed their feature: what is the correct reason	four single-statement reasons	Farah's dark mice on flood mud (Kansas, owls); Gus's big-finned trout in a faster river
17	1	042	hard	multi-select	select the TWO sentences true of the individuals that pulled through	two true (suited the changed place; already there before the change), two false (the change gave it; they changed by trying)	the bare rule
18	1	042	hard	MCQ	what you would need to see to show a student's claim wrong	four things one could observe, one of them "already there" made visible	New Mexico spiders on dark bark chips

Hard because — type 8: the term is produced, not picked. Type 12: the reasoning runs backwards from the version to the change, or two differences are weighed against one change. Type 14 (hard item), 16: the belief (the register's SD-5) is judged by its correct reason, which needs "already there" held against the trap. Type 15 (hard item): three versions of the belief sit beside the one true sentence. Type 17: the answer is a set. Type 18: "already there" must be turned into something you could see.

One exemplar per type, in full

Type 1 (easy, LIF5-040). A mountain goat in Colorado climbs steep rock to get away from wolves. Which structure lets it grip the rock? — its curved horns / its split hooves / its short tail / its white coat. Why: The goat gets away from the wolves by climbing steep rock. Its split hooves grip the rock. So the split hooves are the structure that lets it grip. (nearest lesson-side instance: Lesson 1 (Same place, different structures: how each kind survives there), question 1, the Kansas prairie dog's claws, three options — here four structures of one animal)

Type 2 (easy, LIF5-040). A mountain goat and a pika, a small round animal like a guinea pig, share one Colorado mountain: the goat relies on its split hooves, and the pika on its thick fur. Which sentence is true? — The two kinds rely on the same structure. / Only the goat has a structure. / Neither kind needs a structure there. / The two kinds rely on different structures. (nearest: Lesson 1 (Same place, different structures: how each kind survives there), question 5, the three prairie kinds, yes / no)

Type 3 (easy, LIF5-040). A clam's hard shell is a part of its body. What is a part of a living thing's body called? — a structure / a behavior / an instinct / a kind. (nearest: Lesson 1 (Same place, different structures: how each kind survives there), question 3, the heron's beak, three options)

Type 4 (medium, LIF5-040). A polar bear's thick white fur keeps it warm on the Alaska sea ice. Which sentence is true about the same thick fur in a hot Florida summer? — It would keep the bear cool in the heat. / It would help the bear the same way it does on the ice. / It would hold in the warmth and make the bear far too hot. / It would turn thin by itself in the heat. (nearest: Lesson 1 (Same place, different structures: how each kind survives there), question 7, the musk ox's coat in Florida, yes / no — here the outcome is picked from four)

Type 5 (easy, LIF5-034). Every November, an elk herd in Wyoming walks down from the high mountains to the valley, before deep snow covers the grass up high. How does this behavior raise the elk's chance of survival? — It takes the elk to grass they can reach. / It makes the elk's antlers bigger. / It keeps the elk cool. / It hides the elk from wolves. (nearest: Lesson 2 (Behaviors that raise an animal's chance of survival), question 3, the Colorado hummingbirds, three options)

Type 6 (easy, LIF5-034). The elk walk down from the mountains every November and walk back up every spring. Which word names this behavior? — hunting at night / migrating / hibernating / huddling. (nearest: Lesson 2 (Behaviors that raise an animal's chance of survival), question 2, the Indiana bat, three options)

Type 7 (medium, LIF5-034). A young raccoon in Ohio watches its mother lift a trash can lid, and after many tries it lifts one too. What kind of behavior is lifting the lid? — an instinct / a learned behavior / a structure / a change in the place. (nearest: Lesson 2 (Behaviors that raise an animal's chance of survival), question 7, the Washington otter, two options)

Type 8 (hard, LIF5-034, typed). A baby alligator in Florida calls out to its mother the moment it hatches, with nobody to teach it. Type the word for a behavior an animal is born knowing. — accept: instinct, an instinct, the instinct, instincts, instinkt, instint, instict, insinct. Wrong feedback for "learned behavior", "behavior", "structure". (nearest: Lesson 2 (Behaviors that raise an animal's chance of survival), question 6, the Virginia fawn, two options — here the word is produced)

Type 9 (easy, LIF5-041). Some of the mice on a Montana prairie are tan, and some are dark gray. A dry year leaves the ground pale, bare dirt, and hawks hunt the mice they can see: which mice are more likely to pull through? — the tan mice / the dark gray mice / about the same / none of them. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Predict who pulls through when the place changes), question 3, the Texas lizards and soot, two options)

Type 10 (medium, LIF5-041). Some goats on a Texas ranch have thick coats, and some have thin coats. One summer is far hotter than any before: which goats are more likely to pull through it? — the goats with thin coats / the goats with thick coats / about the same / none of them. Its sibling asks the far colder winter the next year. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Predict who pulls through when the place changes)'s article, the same foxes in a hotter summer — a fresh kind here)

Type 11 (medium, LIF5-041, drawn table). Beetles on a Missouri slope were counted before and after two years of spring floods, as the table shows [long legs 10 before, 9 after; short legs 30 before, 6 after]. Which version of the legs suited the flooded slope? — short legs / both versions equally / long legs / neither version. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Predict who pulls through when the place changes)'s foxes_after figure, read in the article — here the student reads counts and takes the step)

Type 12 (hard, LIF5-041). Some of the deer in a Michigan forest have longer legs than the others, and some have longer ears than the others. One winter the snow lies deeper than ever. Which difference decides who pulls through? — the length of the ears / both differences equally / the length of the legs / neither difference. Hard because two described differences are weighed against one change. (nearest: Lesson 3 (Predict who pulls through when the place changes), question 4, the trout's spots, about the same)

Type 13 (easy, LIF5-042). An Oklahoma stream dried up one summer, and the frogs that could bury themselves in the mud pulled through. When did those frogs have their way of burying themselves? — before the dry year too / only after the dry year began / only after they saw other frogs do it / only after the rain came back. (nearest: Lesson 4 (Why those individuals pull through), question 1, the Oregon moths, three options)

Type 14 (medium, LIF5-042). After a fire blackened the rocks on a Utah hillside, hawks hunt the snakes they can see, and most of the snakes left are dark. Why did the dark snakes pull through? — The fire turned their skin dark. / They moved faster than the pale snakes. / Their dark color hid them on the black rocks. / The warm rocks kept them alive. (nearest: Lesson 4 (Why those individuals pull through), question 2, the gray moths, three reasons)

Type 15 (medium, LIF5-042). In a very cold Vermont winter, the chickadees with more body fat pulled through. Which sentence is true about what the cold winter did? — It gave the chickadees more fat. / It only decided who pulled through. / It made every chickadee thinner. / It changed the chickadees' feathers. (nearest: Lesson 4 (Why those individuals pull through), question 6, the snails kept their shells, yes / no)

Type 16 (hard, LIF5-042). Owls hunt the mice they can see in a Kansas field. After a flood left the field covered in dark mud, most of the mice left are dark. Farah says the mice turned dark because the mud is dark. Farah is wrong. What is the correct reason most of the mice left are dark? — The owls missed the mice that were already dark. / The dark mud turned the mice's fur dark. / The mice chose dark fur to hide. / The pale mice left to find pale ground. Hard because the register's belief is judged by its correct reason. (nearest: Lesson 4 (Why those individuals pull through), question 3, Gus's claim about the moths, yes / no)

Type 17 (hard, LIF5-042, multi-select). A place changed, and some of the individuals of one kind pulled through. Select the TWO sentences that are true of those individuals. — Their version of the feature suited the changed place. / The change gave them a brand-new version of the feature. / Their version of the feature was already there before the change. / They changed their own version of the feature by trying hard. (nearest: the rule itself, Lesson 4 (Why those individuals pull through))

Type 18 (hard, LIF5-042). Dark bark chips replaced the pale sand in a yard in New Mexico, and a year later most of the spiders left in it are dark. A student says this shows the bark chips changed the spiders' color. What would show that the student is wrong? — dark bark chips in a yard on the other side of town / more spiders in the yard a year later / birds eating pale spiders on the dark bark chips / dark spiders in the yard before the bark chips came. Hard because "already there" has to be turned into something you could see. (nearest: PR-10, the Arizona crickets FRQ — a different yard, a different animal, and the evidence form)

Design-move inventory (every item's move, scene kind and nearest earlier instance)

The bank's moves, one line each, checked against the lessons' taught cases, the quizzes, the attached and summary questions, the recall bank and the practice set before drafting; the scene-noun grep is in the build record.

Items	Move	Scene kinds (bank)	Nearest earlier instance
PP types 1	pick the structure that does the stated job	mountain, swamp, icy sea, pond, river, rock pile, beach, snowy wood	Lesson 1 (Same place, different structures: how each kind survives there), question 1 (claws), q4 (legs), q6 (roots)
PP type 2	judge a sentence about two kinds in one place	mountain, pond	Lesson 1 (Same place, different structures: how each kind survives there), question 5, q9, PR-5
PP type 3	name the class of a body part / pick the structure among things	shell; pond turtle	Lesson 1 (Same place, different structures: how each kind survives there), question 3, q8, PR-13
PP type 4	the same structure in another place	sea ice → Florida	Lesson 1 (Same place, different structures: how each kind survives there), question 7 (musk ox)
PP type 5	the payoff of a described behavior	mountain herd, box turtle, hive, desert coyote	Lesson 2 (Behaviors that raise an animal's chance of survival), question 1, q3, q5, PR-6
PP type 6	name the behavior	elk, rattlesnake	Lesson 2 (Behaviors that raise an animal's chance of survival), question 2, PR-7
PP type 7	instinct or learned, evidence in the stem	raccoon, salmon	Lesson 2 (Behaviors that raise an animal's chance of survival), question 6, q7, RB-3, PR-2
PP type 8	produce the term	alligator, moth, whales, pigeons	none typed earlier (RECALL_BY_MCQ covers "structure")
PP type 9	predict who pulls through	prairie, slope, beach, pond, meadow, river, forest	Lesson 3 (Predict who pulls through when the place changes), question 1 to q7, PR-8, PR-9
PP type 10	the same kind, a second change	ranch goats	Lesson 3 (Predict who pulls through when the place changes)'s article (the hotter summer)
PP type 11	read counts, take the step	drawn tables	Lesson 3 (Predict who pulls through when the place changes)'s foxes_after figure
PP type 12	which change / which difference / two differences	lizards, deer	Lesson 3 (Predict who pulls through when the place changes), question 4 (about the same)
PP type 13	when the version was there	stream frogs, frozen pond insects	Lesson 4 (Why those individuals pull through), question 1, q4, PR-12
PP type 14	the reason they pulled through	hillside snakes, bay crabs, shore mussels	Lesson 4 (Why those individuals pull through), question 2, q5, PR-11
PP type 15	what the change did / did not do	chickadees, the rule, grasshoppers	Lesson 4 (Why those individuals pull through), question 6, q8
PP type 16	claim judged by reason	pale mice, big-finned trout	Lesson 4 (Why those individuals pull through), question 3 (Gus, yes / no)
PP type 17	the set of true sentences	the rule	—
PP type 18	the evidence that settles a claim	spiders on bark chips	PR-10 (FRQ)

⟂ draw constraints (an item that would print another's answer; near-duplicate pairs — the test builder reads this list): the two goat items (type 10) are drawn one per test; the beetle table (type 11) ⟂ the deer-legs item (type 12, both key on long legs in snow or floods); the vole table (type 11) ⟂ the chickadee item (type 15, both "already there" after a cold winter); the two type 13 items are one per test; the Oklahoma grasshoppers (type 15) ⟂ the Utah snakes (type 14, both dark-on-burned-ground); the two type 16 claims are one per test; type 17 ⟂ the bare-rule type 15 item (each states the other's answer).

v2 — the non-author review's changes (8 Oct 2026, review-questions @ cca3af6)

53 items (48 four-option MCQs, 4 typed, 1 multi-select); per atom 040 13 · 034 13 · 041 14 · 042 13; easy 23, medium 17, hard 13; MCQ keys A 15 · B 16 · C 10 · D 7. What changed and why, by the bank's own numbering after the re-sort: PP-18 (new, type 3) recalls the topic's second coined term, "individual", now coined in Lesson 3 (Predict who pulls through when the place changes) (Topic 28 does not coin it); PP-16 (type 5) — the Nevada coyote was Lesson 2 (Behaviors that raise an animal's chance of survival), question 5's Texas bobcat with the nouns changed (hunter rests in the shade, hunts after dark, the same three distractors), so it is now a kangaroo rat that stays in its burrow by day and looks for seeds after dark, with its own distractors; PP-17 and PP-23 — a one-step pick from the behavior set and the bare rule sentence are retagged easy (a hard or medium tag names more thinking); PP-25 (type 4) — the key alone joined two clauses with "and" ("hold in the warmth and make the bear far too hot"), now "It would make the bear far too hot."; PP-31 (type 10) — "The next year on the same Texas ranch" leaned on its sibling; the stem now states the two coats; PP-38 (type 11) — the vole item was answerable with the table covered ("They already had thick fur" is the row label), so it now asks which sentence the counts show (seven of eight thick-furred voles pulled through, three of twelve thin-furred); PP-48 (type 16) — Farah's mice shared PP-27's scene (Montana prairie, pale ground, hawks), now a Kansas field after a flood, owls, dark mud; PP-52 (type 18) — "a year later" is a spider's whole life, so the seed would lean on offspring, which this topic withholds: "by the end of the summer". Added ⟂ pairs: the Florida water lily (type 1) ⟂ the cattail-and-water-lily item (type 2; the second states the first's job); PP-27 (tan mice, type 9) ⟂ PP-48 (type 16; both mice hunted by color).

Adjudication (8 Oct 2026, after the two cold reads — every key agreed)

Text-only changes, no key letter moved; ids are the blind/2026-10-08-reviewed bundle's. PP-33 (wildflowers): the April flowers are now still in flower in May and the frost kills every open flower, so June is the only answer. PP-26: "wide, furry feet" → "wide feet" ("furry" pulled toward keeping warm). PP-37: the key is concrete in the wrongs' register ("It left the chickadees with more fat alive."). PP-42: the moth stem reworded away from PP-41's; both typed instinct items gain a wrong_fb for "instinct behavior" steering to the one word; MIGRATE gains "migrateing", HUDDLE gains "hudling". PP-51: the "already there" sentence re-worded so it is not PP-23's key sentence. PP-18's "an offspring": coined Grade 3 Topic 40 (terms), reused by Topic 28 — kept. ⟂ draw constraints added: PP-41 ⟂ PP-42 (two typed instinct items, one per test); PP-23 ⟂ PP-51 (each states the other's answer); PP-30 ⟂ PP-31 (already listed as the goat pair); PP-22 and PP-40 are the same shape as PP-23 ("already there" asked plainly) — one of the three per test.